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Gangrene Overview Gangrene happens when a lack of oxygen-rich blood causes tissue to die in some part of the body, often the hands or feet. It is a serious condition that can result in amputation of a limb or death. It needs urgent treatment to halt the spread of...

Gallbladder Disease Overview Types of gallbladder disease include gallstones, cholecystitis, and more. Treatment can depend on the type of gallbladder disease, but may include medication and surgery. The gallbladder is a small organ that sits under the liver. It...

Heart Valve Disorders Overview Heart valves help ensure that blood flows steadily in the right direction without backward leakage. If a person has a heart valve disorder, their valves do not work as they should. This may be due to a narrowing of the valves, blood...

Heart Palpitations Overview With heart palpitations, a person may notice that their heartbeat does not feel right. Many factors can trigger these heart flutters and in some cases, they can also indicate an underlying heart problem. People are not usually aware of...

Hypoglycemia Overview Hypoglycemia refers to low levels of sugar, or glucose, in the blood. Low blood sugar can cause tiredness, shaking, and many other symptoms. It can be life threatening in severe cases. There are numerous possible causes of hypoglycemia. All cells...

Coma Overview A coma can result from complications of conditions such as diabetes or an infection, or from a traumatic incident involving a blow to the head or a lack of oxygen. Doctors sometime induce a coma to protect a person from pain and complications during the...

Stomach Ulcers Overview Stomach ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. They cause pain and indigestion, but over-the-counter and prescription medications can bring relief. Dietary and lifestyle changes may also be necessary. The stomach...

Nutrients Overview Nutrition is the study of nutrients in food, how the body uses them, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease. Nutritionists use ideas from molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics to understand how nutrients affect the human...

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) occurs when large numbers of bacteria colonize the small intestine. It can cause bloating, diarrhea, or constipation. Treatment options include antibiotics, fecal transplant, and...

Abdominal Bloating Overview Causes of abdominal bloating can include gas, fluid retention, IBS, food intolerances, menstrual symptoms, and infections. People can often treat bloating at home, but some causes may need medical attention. Abdominal bloating, an...

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Overview Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to the physical and psychological symptoms that a person may experience before their menstrual period. These can include bloating, headaches, mood changes, and more. Headaches, bloating, cramps,...

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome. It is considered a health condition that can benefit from treatment with lifestyle changes and sometimes medication. Between 20 and 40 percent of women...

Claustrophobia Overview Claustrophobia is a form of anxiety disorder, in which an irrational fear of having no escape or being closed-in can lead to a panic attack. It is considered a specific phobia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 (DSM-5)....

Indigestion or Dyspepsia Overview Dyspepsia, the medical term for indigestion or upset stomach, refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often after eating or drinking. It is not a disease but a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other...

Phobias Overview A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder that causes an individual to experience extreme, irrational fear about a situation, living creature, place, or object. When a person has a phobia, they will often shape their lives to avoid what they consider to...