Blood in urine-What is Hematuria?
Hematuria Overview
In fact, hematuria is the medical name for the presence of blood cells in your urine (pee).
Additionally, it’s pretty common for blood to be in your pee. However, you may not even know it because it doesn’t always turn your pee pink or red. Sometimes, healthcare providers discover a small amount of blood in your pee that you can’t see during a urine test.
Nevertheless, if you notice your pee looks pink or red or you have other hematuria symptoms, it might be a sign that something is wrong. Therefore, you should reach out to a healthcare provider.
Moreover, several possible causes of blood in a person’s urine with no pain exist. For instance, causes include exercise, trauma, and kidney disease.
Furthermore, hematuria is the medical term for when blood is present in urine. Specifically, there are two types of hematuria:
- First, gross hematuria
- Second, microscopic hematuria
Gross hematuria occurs when the blood is visible to the naked eye. Conversely, with microscopic hematuria, you find the blood harder to notice. In fact, it typically requires a microscope or urine test to identify.
In both cases, blood can occur in urine either with or without pain. Consequently, several conditions and causes can lead to blood in urine.
How common is Hematuria?
Hematuria is common. Specifically, medical experts estimate that more than 20% of people who receive an evaluation from a urologist have blood in their pee. In fact, microscopic hematuria affects an estimated 2% to 31% of people. Furthermore, microscopic hematuria is more common than gross hematuria.
Signs and Symptoms of Hematuria
Many times, there are no symptoms except, for instance, blood in your pee. When this happens, a healthcare provider may say you’re “asymptomatic.
If you have other symptoms, they may include, for example:
- First, peeing more than usual ( frequent urination)
- Second, pain or burning when you pee ( dysuria)
- Finally, a strong need to pee right away (urinary urgency)
You may have other associated symptoms, too, including:
- First, abdominal pain
- Second, chills
- Third, fever
- Moreover, lower back pain
- Furthermore, nausea and vomiting
- Finally, pain on either side of your lower back, just above your hips ( flank pain)
Having blood in your pee doesn’t always mean you have a condition. But it can be an important warning sign that something is wrong with your body. Don’t ignore it. Contact a healthcare provider as soon as you find blood in your pee.
Causes of Hematuria
There are many different causes of hematuria. In fact, some conditions are more serious than others. For example, serious conditions may include:
- First, urinary stone disease. This term describes masses of minerals or other substances that form in your urinary system. This includes kidney disease, bladder stones and ureteral stones
- Additionally, urinary tract infections (UTI). This is a bacterial infection in any part of your urinary system.
- Moreover, kideny infection (pyelonephritis). This is an infection that spreads to your kidney(s).
- Furthermore inflammation (cystitis). This is when inflammation affects your urinary bladder. It may have infectious or noninfectious causes.
Lastly, certain cancers can also cause blood to appear in your pee.
On the other hand, other conditions that may lead to blood in your pee include:
- For instance, enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPI): BPH causes your prostate to grow. Your prostate is a gland that produces semen.
- In addition, injury to your urinary system: Examples include blunt trauma (like a fall, automobile collision or sports injury) or a penetrating injury (like a knife wound or gunshot wound).
- Moreover, menstruation: You may see blood in your pee when you have your period.
- Furthermore, endometriosis: This causes tissue that’s similar to your uterine lining (where blood and tissue come from during menstruation) to grow outside of your uterus.
- Likewise, chronic kidney disease (CKD): However, CKD affects how well your kidneys work. It’s a long-term (chronic) condition.
- Finally, sickle cell disease: This is a condition you inherit from your biological parents that affects your red blood cells.
Diagnosis of Hematuria
A healthcare provider will review your medical history; furthermore, they will ask you questions about any other symptoms and perform a physical examination, which may include a pelvic exam or digital rectal exam. In addition, they may also recommend additional tests to help confirm a hematuria diagnosis.
Diagnostic Tests
A healthcare provider may recommend the following tests to help diagnose hematuria:
- First, urinalysis: You pee in a special cup and a provider looks at its appearance and checks it for signs of conditions that cause hematuria.
- Second urine culture: You pee in a special cup and a provider checks it for signs of infection.
- Next, urine cytology: You pee in a special cup and a provider checks for any abnormal-appearing cells.
- In addition, cytoscopy: A provider inserts a small camera (cystoscope) through your urethra into your bladder to examine your urethra and bladder.
- Lastly, imaging tests. Noninvasive imaging tests, including an ultrasound, CT scan and MRI, produce images of your urinary system and other organs and structures.
Treatment of Hematuria
Hematuria treatment depends on its cause. Therefore, a healthcare provider will use the information they collect from your medical history, physical exam, and any test results to find the best treatment.
Specifically, Medications to treat causes of blood in urine
Depending on the cause, a healthcare provider may recommend the following medications to treat hematuria:
| Cause | Medication |
|---|---|
| For instance, in the case of Infections | Antibiotics can treat an infection. |
| In addition, for an enlarged prostate | Providers typically use alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, including finasteride (Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart). |
| On the other Hand, if Cancer is the cause | Treatment will be appropriate to the staging and your goals of care. Consequently, it may include surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy or a combination of these options. |
| Moreover, Sickle Cell Disease | Your doctor may prescribe disease-modifying agents like hydroxyurea, pain medications, antibiotics and drugs that prevent blood cells from dying or forming into sickles. |
| Furthermore, in the case of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | A provider may prescribe different types of medications, including diuretics, blood pressure medication (antihyperintensives), cholesterol-lowering drugs (antihyperlipidemics) and erythropoietin to build red blood cells if you have anemia. |
| Finally, for Endometriosis | Hormone-related medications, including hormonal birth control, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists or agonists and danazol (Danocrine®). |
Biospecimens
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- Likewise, Vitreous humor
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