Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade, fresh frozen tumor tissue bio-specimens, cryogenically preserved sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from patients diagnosed with Anal Cancer.

The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols. The anal cancer fresh frozen tumor tissue samples and biofluids are collected from unique patients diagnosed with anal cancer and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery and drug development.

Detailed clinical data, chronic anal cancer patients history, symptoms, complete blood count (CBC), serology, chemotherapy information, fresh frozen tumor tissue, elevated biomarker levels, genetic and metabolic information, histopathological findings, annotations associated with anal cancer specimens is provided to a valued customer for research, development and drug discovery.

The anal cancer sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid are processed from patients peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.

Anal Cancer Overview

The Anus

The anus is part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is the opening at the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, where bowel movements leave the body.

Precancer and anal cancer

Anal cancer begins when healthy cells in or on the anus change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread. At first, the changes in a cell are abnormal, but not yet cancerous. Researchers believe, however, that some of these abnormal changes are the first step in a series of slow changes that can lead to cancer.

Some of the abnormal cells go away without treatment, but others can become cancerous. This phase of the disease is called dysplasia, which is an abnormal growth of cells. Dysplasia in the anus is called anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) or anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs). Growths such as polyps or warts, that are not cancerous can also occur in or around the anus; some may become cancerous over time. In some cases, the precancerous tissue needs to be removed to keep cancer from developing.

Types of Anal Cancer

The anus is made up of different types of cells, and each type can become cancerous. There are several different types of anal cancer based on the type of cell where the cancer began:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of anal cancer. This type of cancer begins in the outer lining of the anal canal.
  • Cloacogenic carcinoma accounts for about 25% of all anal cancers. Anal cancer arises between the outer part of the anus and the lower part of the rectum. Cloacogenic cell cancer likely starts from cells that are similar to squamous cell cancer, and it is treated similarly.
  • Adenocarcinoma arises from the glands that make mucous located under the anal lining.
  • Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that can appear in the perianal (around the anus) skin.
  • Melanoma begins in cells that produce color found in the skin or anal lining.

Signs and Symptoms of Anal Cancer

Patients with anal cancer may experience the following symptoms or signs. Sometimes, people with anal cancer do not have any of these changes. Or, the cause of a symptom may be a different medical condition that is not cancer.

  • Bleeding from the anal area
  • Pain or pressure in the anal area
  • Itching or discharge from the anus
  • A lump or swelling near the anus
  • A change in bowel habits or change in the diameter of the stool

If cancer is diagnosed, relieving symptoms remains an important part of cancer care and treatment. This may be called palliative care or supportive care. It is often started soon after diagnosis and continued throughout treatment. Be sure to talk with your health care team about the symptoms you experience, including any new symptoms or a change in symptoms.

Risk Factors of Anal Cancer

Following risk factors may raise a person’s risk of developing anal cancer:
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: Research shows that infection with this virus is a risk factor for anal cancer. Sexual activity with someone who has Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common way someone gets Human papillomavirus (HPV). There are different types of Human papillomavirus (HPV), called strains. Research links some Human papillomavirus (HPV) strains more strongly with certain types of cancers. There are vaccines available to protect you from some Human papillomavirus (HPV) strains.
  • Age: Most patients diagnosed with anal cancer are between age 50 years and 80 years old.
  • Frequent anal irritation: Frequent anal redness, swelling, and soreness may increase the risk of developing anal cancer.
  • Anal fistula: Anal fistula is an abnormal tunnel between the anal canal and the outer skin of the anus. The tunnel often drains pus or liquid, which can soil or stain clothing. An anal fistula may irritate the outer tissues or cause discomfort. An anal fistula may increase the risk of developing anal cancer.
  • Cigarette smoking: Smoking tobacco can cause harm throughout the body. Chemicals from the smoke can enter the bloodstream and affect nearly every organ and tissue in the body. Smokers are about eight times more likely to develop anal cancer than nonsmokers.
  • Lowered immunity: Patients with a disease or condition affecting the immune system, such as human immunodeficiency (HIV) or organ transplantation, are more likely to develop anal cancer. Patients who take immunosuppressive drugs that make the immune system less able to fight disease are also more likely to develop anal cancer.

Diagnosis of Anal Cancer

Following diagnostics tests may be performed in addition to the patients physical examination to diagnose anal cancer:

  • Digital rectal examination (DRE): During this test, the doctor inserts a gloved finger into the anus to feel for lumps or other abnormalities. General cancer guidelines suggest men have a DRE annually after the age of 50 and women have one during routine pelvic examinations. If you are at higher risk for developing anal cancer, your doctor may perform a DRE more often.
  • Anoscopy: If the doctor feels a suspicious area during a DRE, this endoscopic test may be performed to take a closer look at the area. An anoscopy allows the doctor to see inside the body with a thin, lighted, flexible tube called an anoscope. Similarly, a proctoscope can be used to view the rectum in a procedure called a proctoscopy. The patient may be sedated as the tube is inserted into the anus or rectum.
  • Biopsy: A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope. Other tests can suggest that cancer is present, but only a biopsy can make a definite confirmed diagnosis. A pathologist then analyzes the sample(s). A pathologist is a doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location of the tumor. For instance, an excisional biopsy can remove the entire lump if the lump is small and has not grown into other tissues. Lymph nodes may also be removed and examined in a biopsy.
  • Ultrasound: An ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of the internal organs. In an anal ultrasound, an ultrasound wand is inserted into the anus to get the pictures.
  • X-ray: An x-ray is way to create a picture of the structures inside of the body using a small amount of radiation.
  • Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan: A CT scan takes pictures of the inside of the body using x-rays taken from different angles. A computer then combines these pictures into a detailed, 3-dimensional or 3-D image that shows any abnormalities or tumors. A CT scan can also be used to measure the tumor’s size. Sometimes, a special dye called a contrast medium is given before the scan to provide better detail on the image. This dye can be injected into a patient’s vein or given as a pill or liquid to swallow.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An MRI uses magnetic fields, not x-rays, to produce detailed images of the body. A special dye called a contrast medium is given before the scan to create a clearer picture. This dye can be injected into a patient’s vein or given as a pill or liquid to swallow.
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: A PET scan is usually combined with a CT scan, called a PET-CT scan. A PET scan is a way to create pictures of organs and tissues inside the body. A small amount of a radioactive sugar substance is injected into the patient’s body. This sugar substance is taken up by cells that use the most energy. Because cancer tends to use energy actively, it absorbs more of the radioactive substance. A scanner then detects this substance to produce images of the inside of the body.

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens and human bio-fluid collections from cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma cancer PBMC and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences maintains and manages it’s own bio-repository, human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types. Our biobank procures and stores fully consented, deidentified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

All our human human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed samples associated patient’s clinical data. This critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers and genetic information. Patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, other therapeutic areas and diseases. This clinical information is critical to demonstrate their impact, monitor the safety of medicines, testing & diagnostics, and generate new knowledge about the causes of disease and illness. 

Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples including cryogenically preserved -80°C, fresh, fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, FFPE’s, tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC’s.

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the researchers specified requirements and customized, tailor made collection protocols. Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors; including peripheral whole-blood, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), sputum, pleural effusion, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum (sera), plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC’s), saliva, Buffy coat, urine, stool samples, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, kidney stones, renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis and other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer. We can also procure most human bio-specimens and can do special collections and requests of human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB approved clinical protocols and procedures. 

In addition to the standard processing protocols Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols, you can buy donor specific sample collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquoting from us. Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors, volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

 

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