Antibodies

Antibodies (Ab), also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are specialized, large Y-shaped proteins produced as part of the body’s immune response to infection.

Moreover, antibodies are used by the immune system to identify and eliminate disease-causing foreign objects from the body.  Such as microbes, viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, by directly destroying them or by blocking them from infecting cells.

Furthermore, antibodies work by recognizing and sticking to specific proteins, such as those found on the surfaces of viruses and bacteria, in a highly specific way.

Specifically, when the body encounters a microbe for the first time, immune cells produce antibodies. That specifically recognize proteins associated with that particular microbe.

Immune Cells

After recovering from an infection or receiving a vaccine. A small number of these antibody-producing immune cells usually remain in the body as memory cells. Thereby providing immunity to future infections with the same bug.

Consequently, because memory cells and antibodies are already present, the next time the body encounters the same microbe. Consequently, the immune response is much faster and can effectively stop the infection from taking hold.

In conclusion, antibodies are the search battalion of the immune system’s search-and-destroy system, tasked with finding an enemy and marking it for destruction.

They’re released from the cell, and then they go out and hunt. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen.

Binding

When antibodies find their target, they bind to it. Subsequently, this triggers a cascade of actions that vanquish the invader. Moreover, antibodies are part of the adaptive immune system. Which is the arm of the immune system that learns to recognize and eliminate specific pathogens.

In addition, each tip of the “Y” of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock). That is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen. Consequently, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision.

By using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe (foreign object). Moreover, an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system. Alternatively, it can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion).

To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens. The antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. In contrast, however, the remainder of the antibody is relatively constant. Specifically, it only occurs in a few variants, which define the antibody’s class or isotype.

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Antibodies, which are also called immunoglobulins (Ig), all have the same basic Y-shape, but there are five variations on this theme called: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG or IgM. Each variation looks slightly different and plays slightly different roles in the immune system. For instance, immunoglobulin G, or IgG, is just one Y, whereas IgM has five Ys stacked together, and each prong can bind one antigen.

The constant region at the trunk of the antibody includes sites involved in interactions with other components of the immune system.

The class hence determines the function triggered by an antibody. Therefore, after binding to an antigen, in addition to some structural features. Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response.

Biospecimens

biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Moreover, human biospecimens are available including tumor tissue, serum, plasma and PBMC samples from most other therapeutic areas.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and likewise normal healthy donors for controls. Additionally, available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples, human biofluids such as serum samples, plasma samples from various diseases and matched controls.

Also, all our human tissue collections, human biospecimens and human biofluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In fact, this critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Additionally, researchers find the patient’s data associated with the human biospecimens extremely valuable and use it to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, as well as in other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and human biological samples, including fresh frozen human biospecimens cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as human serum, human plasma and human PBMCs.

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) and human biofluids from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Moreover, we can also procure most human biospecimens and human biofluids, special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples and human biofluids are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human biofluids such as  human plasma, human serum, and human PBMCs bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols; you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Bay Biosciences also provides human biospecimens from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, Contact us Now.