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Bay Biosciences provides tumor tissue samples with matching serum (sera) and plasma from patients diagnosed with bladder cancer, to a diagnostics customer for research.

Bladder Cancer Overview

Bladder cancer starts in the cells of the bladder. In addition, the bladder (urinary bladder) serves as a hollow muscular organ in the lower part of the abdomen that stores urine. Moreover, bladder cancer most often initiates in the urothelial cells that line the inside of the bladder.

Furthermore, urothelial cells also exist in the kidneys and the tubes or ureters that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Although, urothelial cancer can develop in the kidneys and ureters, too, it is important to note that it’s more prevalent in the bladder.

According to the National Institute of Health, healthcare providers diagnose approximately 60,000 men, 18,000 women per year with the disease. Interestingly, most healthcare professionals diagnose bladder cancers at an early stage when the cancer is highly treatable. However, even early-stage bladder cancers can return after successful treatment.

For this reason, doctors typically require people with bladder cancer to undergo follow-up tests for years after treatment to monitor for bladder cancer that recurs.

In terms of bladder cancer signs and symptoms, they may include blood in urine (hematuria), which may cause urine to appear bright red or brownish in color; however, sometimes the urine appears normal and lab tests detect blood. Additionally, frequent urination,  painful urination, and back pain may also occur.

Moreover, bladder cancer begins when cells in the bladder develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. Specifically, a cell’s DNA contains instructions that tell the cell what to do. Consequently, the changes tell the cell to multiply rapidly and to go on living when, in contrast, healthy cells would die.

As a result, the abnormal cells form a tumor that can invade and destroy normal body tissue. Ultimately, in time, the abnormal cells can break away and spread or metastasize through the body.

Most often, bladder cancer is diagnosed after a patient reports blood in the urine, also called hematuria to the doctor.

Patients with bladder cancer may experience the following signs and symptoms:

• For For instance, blood or blood clots in the urine
• Furthermore, pain or burning sensation during urination
• Moreover, frequent urination
• Additionally, feeling the need to urinate many times throughout the night
• Also, feeling the need to urinate, but not being able to pass urine
• Furthermore, lower back pain on 1 side of the body
• Finally, pelvic pain
• Lastly, abdominal pain.

Causes of Bladder Cancer

Researchers do not know the exact cause of bladder cancer. However, abnormal cells grow and multiply quickly and uncontrollably, invading other tissues. Furthermore, certain changes in the DNA inside normal bladder cells can cause them to grow abnormally and form cancers.

In addition, scientists believe acquired changes in certain genes, such as the TP53 or RB1 tumor suppressor genes and the FGFR and RAS oncogenes, play an important role in the development of some bladder cancers.

Moreover, smoking poses the most important risk factor for bladder cancer. Additionally, other risk factors include:

• Having a family history of bladder cancer
• Having certain gene mutations (unusual genetic changes that occur when your body’s cells divide)
• Exposure to excessive amounts of certain workplace chemicals used in aluminum production, rubber industry, leather industry, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, and those used in processing paint, dye, metal, and petroleum products can lead to bladder cancer.
• Taking certain kinds of chemotherapy drugs
• Drinking well water contaminated with arsenic
• Taking the Chinese herb Aristolochia fangchi
• Having chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Schistosoma haematobium, which leads to human schistosomiasis and subsequent infections

Bladder Cancer Risk Factors

The following factors may raise a person’s risk of developing bladder cancer:

• Firstly, Smoking
• Additionally, Age
• Moreover, Gender
• Furthermore, Race
• Also, Chemicals
• In addition, Chronic Bladder Problems
• Specifically, Chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide)
• Notably, Lynch syndrome
• Furthermore, Arsenic exposure
• Lastly, Schistosomiasis

Bladder Cancer Diagnosis 

Most doctors diagnose patients with bladder cancer once they develop symptoms; therefore, some patients have more advanced (later stage) disease when doctors find the cancer. Nevertheless, most doctors usually diagnose patients with noninvasive bladder cancer.

Most often, doctors diagnose bladder cancer after the patient reports blood in the urine, also called hematuria. Specifically, “gross hematuria” means that enough blood is present in the urine that the patient can see it. Conversely, it is also possible that small amounts of blood are in the urine that the patient cannot see. This is called “microscopic hematuria,” and consequently, a urine test can only find it.

Moreover, doctors do not use general urine tests to make a specific diagnosis of bladder cancer because hematuria can signal several other conditions that are not cancer, such as infections or kidney stones. Therefore, a specific type of urine test is performed to screen for the presence of cancer cells in the urine.

The following tests may be used to diagnose and learn more about bladder cancer:

• Urine tests, additionally,
• Cystoscopy, furthermore,
• Biopsy – Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT); moreover,
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in addition,
• Computerized tomography (CT scan), similarly,
• Positron emission tomography (PET) or PET-CT scan and finally
• Ultrasound

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is, indeed a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Specifically, aamples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Moreover, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Additionally, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In particular, critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Moreover, patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Specifically, Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Therefore, please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

• Peripheral whole-blood
• Amniotic fluid
• Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL)
• Sputum
• Pleural effusion
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Serum (sera)
• Plasma
• Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
• Saliva
• Buffy coat
• Urine
• Stool samples
• Aqueous humor
• Vitreous humor
• Kidney stones (renal calculi)
• Other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer.

Customized Collections

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens, furthermore; we offer special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols. Additionally you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

• 日本のお客様は、ベイバイオサイエンスジャパンBay Biosciences Japanまたはhttp://baybiosciences-jp.com/contact/までご連絡ください。