Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade, cryogenically preserved bone marrow as[irate bio-specimens with matched sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from patients diagnosed with Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).
The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols. The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) biofluid samples are collected from unique patients diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery and drug development.
Detailed clinical data, patients history, symptoms, complete blood count (CBC), serology, bone marrow aspirate samples, MRI, histopathology information, elevated biomarker levels, genetic and metabolic information associated with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is provided to a valued customer for research, development and drug discovery.
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid are processed from patients peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) Overview
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) also known as myelodysplasia are a type of rare blood cancer where you don’t have enough healthy blood cells in the body. Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly formed or don’t work properly. Myelodysplastic syndromes result from something not right in the spongy material inside the bones where blood cells are made (bone marrow). Sometimes MDS is also called a “bone marrow failure disorder.” There are many subtypes of MDS. Some cases are mild, while others are more severe, and carry a high risk of becoming Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). The subtype you have, and the severity of the disease, depend on many factors, including how low your blood counts are and any genetic changes you have in your bone marrow cells. In about one in three patients MDS can progress to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) which is a rapidly growing cancer of bone marrow cells.
According to The Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation studies suggest that 12,000 to 15,000 MDS cases are newly diagnosed annually in the United States., and an estimated 50,000 to 75,000 patients currently live with MDS. The exact number of people living with MDS is unknown. Most people who get it are 65 or older, but it can happen to younger people, too. It is more common in men. The syndromes are a type of cancer.
In the early stages of MDS, patients may not realize anything is even wrong. Eventually, they may start to feel very tired and shortness of breath. Management of myelodysplastic syndromes is most often intended to slow the disease, ease symptoms and prevent complications. Common measures include blood transfusions and medications to boost blood cell production. In certain situations, a bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, may be recommended to replace the bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor.
Normal Bone Marrow
Bone marrow is found in the middle of certain bones. It is made up of blood-forming cells, fat cells, and supporting tissues. A small fraction of the blood-forming cells are blood stem cells. Stem cells are needed to make new blood cells. Blood consists of blood cells floating in plasma. Plasma is mostly made of water. It also includes salts, proteins, hormones, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients and chemicals the body needs. There are 3 main types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Red blood cells: RBC’s pick up oxygen in the lungs and carry it to the rest of the body. These cells also bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Having too few red blood cells is called anemia. It can make a person feel tired and weak and look pale. Severe anemia can cause shortness of breath.
White blood cells (also known as leukocytes) are important in defending the body against infection. There are different types of white blood cells (WBC’s):
- Granulocytes are white blood cells that have granules that can be seen under the microscope. In the bone marrow, granulocytes develop from young cells called myeloblasts. The most common type of granulocyte is the neutrophil. When the number of neutrophils in the blood is low, the condition is called neutropenia. This can lead to severe infections.
- Monocytes are also important in protecting the body against germs. The cells in the bone marrow that turn into monocytes are called monoblasts.
- Lymphocytes make proteins called antibodies that help the body fight germs. They can also directly kill invading germs. Lymphocytes are not usually abnormal in MDS.
Platelets are thought of as a type of blood cell, but they are actually small pieces of a cell. They start as a large cell in the bone marrow called the megakaryocyte. Pieces of this cell break off and enter the bloodstream as platelets. You need platelets for your blood to clot. They plug up damaged areas of blood vessels caused by cuts or bruises. A shortage of platelets, called thrombocytopenia, can result in abnormal bleeding or bruising.
Formation of Blood Cells
The process of making blood cells is called hematopoiesis. Blood cells are made in the bone marrow, a spongy tissue located inside certain bones. Marrow contains blood-forming stem cells that make copies of themselves to create all 3 types of blood cells. When blood cells are fully mature and functional, they leave the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream. Healthy people have enough stem cells to make all the blood cells they need.
Bone Marrow Failure
Bone marrow failure occurs when the marrow doesn’t produce enough red cells, white cells or platelets, or the blood cells that are produced are damaged or defective. This means the body cannot supply itself with the blood it needs. Myelodysplastic syndromes, along with aplastic anemia and PNH, are bone marrow failure diseases.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) Blast Counts
Blasts are very young or immature white blood cells. In normal bone marrow, no more than 5 out of 100 white cells are blasts. Because patients with MDS may have too many bone marrow blasts, doctors use their blast numbers to help define the severity of their myelodysplastic syndrome:
- If fewer than 5 out of 100 white cells in your bone marrow are blasts, you have lower-risk MDS.
- If between 5 out of 100 and 19 out of 100 white cells in your bone marrow are blasts, you have higher-risk MDS.
- If 20 or more out of 100 white cells in your bone marrow are blasts, you have Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). About 30 out of 100 patients diagnosed with MDS will eventually have AML.
Signs and Symptoms of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
- Constant tiredness. This is a common symptom of anemia, caused when you don’t have enough red blood cells
- Unusual bleeding
- Bruises and tiny red marks under the skin
- Paleness
- Shortness of breath when you’re exercising or being active
Causes of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Some cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are linked to known risk factors, but most often, the causes of developing myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are unknown.
Researchers have made great progress in understanding how certain changes in the DNA in bone marrow cells may cause MDS to develop. DNA is the chemical that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. We usually look like our parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects more than the way we look.
Some genes control when our cells grow, divide into new cells, and die:
- Certain genes that help cells grow, divide, and stay alive are called oncogenes.
- Genes that help keep cell division under control, or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes.
Cancers can be caused by gene mutations (defects) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Usually mutations in several different genes inside bone marrow cells are needed before a person develops MDS. Some of the mutations most often seen in MDS cells include those in the DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, TP53, RUNX1, SRSF2, and SF3B1 genes. Some of these gene changes can be inherited from a parent, but more often they happen during a person’s lifetime.
Inherited Gene Changes
Researchers have found the gene changes that cause some rare inherited syndromes (like familial platelet disorder with a propensity to myeloid malignancy) linked to an increased risk of developing MDS. This syndrome is caused by inherited changes in the RUNX1 gene. Normally, this gene helps control the development of blood cells. Changes in this gene can lead to blood cells not maturing like they normally would, which can increase the risk of developing MDS.
Gene Changes Acquired During a Person’s Lifetime
Exact causes of why people without inherited syndromes develop MDS is unknown. Some outside exposures can lead to MDS by damaging the DNA inside bone marrow cells. For example, tobacco smoking contains chemicals that can damage genes. Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals such as benzene or some chemotherapy drugs can also cause mutations that lead to MDS.
But sometimes the gene changes that lead to MDS seem to occur for no apparent reason. Many of these gene changes are probably just random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause. Gene changes inside cells can build up over a person’s lifetime, which might help explain why MDS largely affects older people.
Diagnosis of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
To diagnose one of the myelodysplastic syndromes, following tests are performed:
- A physical exam to check for other possible reasons for the MDS symptoms
- Blood sample to count the different types of cells
- Bone marrow sample for analysis. This procedure involves a special needle into your hip bone or breastbone to remove the sample.
- Order a genetic analysis of cells from the bone marrow
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