Bay Biosciences  provides high-quality, fresh frozen biopsy tissue samples. Specifically, they prepare formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks with matched fresh frozen sera (serum), plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) bio-fluids from patients diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Furthermore, we process the sera (serum), plasma, and PBMC biofluid specimens from patients’ peripheral whole blood using customized collection and processing protocols.

In addition, Bay Biosciences collect fresh frozen tissue and matched biofluid samples from unique patients diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Consequently, the bio-samples are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery, and drug development.

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Overview

The two main types of lymphoma’s are Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s. Specifically, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) consists of a group of blood cancers that start in certain types of white blood cells. In particular,** NHL begins in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s germ-fighting immune system.

Moreover, in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow abnormally and can form tumors throughout the body. Furthermore, many subtypes fall under the category of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

For instance, Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma are among the most common subtypes. On the other hand, the other general category of lymphoma is Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

According to the ACS, researchers identify non-Hodgkin lymphoma as one of the most common forms of cancer in the United States, with this type of cancer making up around 4% of all cancer cases in the country.

In addition, doctors note that it can develop at any age and commonly affects children and young adults. However, they find that the risk increases as a person ages, and they diagnose more than half of those with the disease at 65 or older.

Moreover, epidemiologists observe that non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in males, as about 1 in 42 men develop it, while about 1 in 54 females.

Lymphomas are cancers that start in white blood cells called lymphocytes. These cells, in fact, belong to the lymphatic system, which forms part of the immune system.

Moreover, the lymphatic system not only contributes to the fight against infections and diseases but also helps fluids, including blood, move around the body.

Furthermore, lymphoma can develop in any area of the body that contains lymph tissue, including the following:

  • For instance, lymph nodes exist throughout the body, in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
  • Additionally, the spleen creates lymphocytes and other immune cells.
  • Importantly, bone marrow forms new blood cells.
  • Similarly, the thymus, a gland in the upper chest, plays a role in developing lymphocytes.
  • Likewise, adenoids and tonsils fight against infection in the back of the throat.
  • Finally, some areas of the digestive tract contain lymph tissues.

Without treatment, consequently, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma can spread throughout the body. As a result, the blood transports cancerous white blood cells to distant areas.

Types of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

There are several types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. However, they fall into two main groups, based on whether the affected white blood cells are B cells or T cells. In addition, a less common type is NK-cell lymphoma. Less than 1% of patients with lymphoma have NK-cell lymphoma.

In fact, researchers also classify lymphoma based on how fast they grow. Any type can be slow-growing (indolent) or fast-growing (aggressive).

B-Cell Types

Several types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma exist. Specifically, the classification system groups them into two main categories, depending on whether the affected white blood cells are B cells or T cells. Additionally, NK-cell lymphoma is a less common type. In fact, less than 1% of patients with lymphoma have NK-cell lymphoma.

Moreover, researchers classify lymphoma based on how fast it grows. Consequently, any type can grow slowly (indolent) or grow quickly (aggressive).

According to the Cancer Support Community, medical professionals identify around 85% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cases in the U.S. as starting in B cells. Furthermore, below are the two most common types.

In addition, less common types of B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma include the following:

  • Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue lymphoma
  • Small cell lymphocytic lymphoma, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • Intravascular large B cell lymphoma
  • Mantle cell lymphoma
  • Burkitt’s lymphoma
  • Hairy cell leukemia
  • Primary central nervous system lymphoma
  • Mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma
  • Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
  • Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma
  • Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
  • Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma
  • Primary effusion lymphoma

Signs and Symptoms of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

The specific type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and its location in the body often determine the symptoms.

Some people do not experience symptoms before the cancer advances.

The common symptoms of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma include:

  • A swollen belly
  • Bruising easily
  • Chills
  • Cough
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Excessive sweating specially at night
  • Fatigue
  • Feeling full after eating very little
  • Frequent infections
  • Loss of appetite
  • Painless swelling of lymph nodes
  • Enlarged spleen or liver
  • Shortness of breath
  • Unexplained weight loss

A patient with a B-cell type may also have a fever that comes and goes and severe night sweats.

Symptoms 

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma tends to cause symptoms such as enlarged lymph nodes, dry skin, itching, and a red rash.

Examples of symptoms related to a specific tumor location include, for instance:

  • A tumor in the abdomen can stretch the belly or, alternatively, cause pain in the back or abdomen
  • Moreover, an enlarged spleen may cause back pain and create a feeling that the stomach is full.
  • Additionally, a tumor in the groin may swell the legs
  • Furthermore, a tumor in the underarms may swell the arms.
  • If, on the other hand, the lymphoma spreads to the brain, it may produce symptoms similar to those of stroke
  • In addition, a tumor in the center of the chest may press on the trachea and cause coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath (difficulty breathing), and other respiratory problems.

Causes of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

In contrast, most lymphomas do not associate with any known risk factors. However, some factors that can increase your risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma include:

  • First, age; specifically, most non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cases occur in adults over the age of 60.
  • Second, certain infections, such as Human T-lymphoma virus-1, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesvirus-8, may also contribute.  
  • Additionally, immune system deficiency occurs when the immune system weakens in patients with HIV or those taking immunosuppressants or suffering from autoimmune diseases.

Nevertheless, in the vast majority of individual cases, researchers cannot identify a specific cause. Ultimately, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma does not infect partners or anyone else.

Diagnosis of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Doctors use a biopsy to diagnose non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma by taking a sample of cells using a small needle. Subsequently, a pathologist examines this sample under a microscope to check for signs of the condition.

Staging

Once diagnosing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, the doctor performs a number of tests to see how far the cancer has progressed. This process is known as staging.

Specifically, staging may involve imaging tests, such as X-rays or MRI scans.

In addition, the healthcare team may also perform blood tests, bone marrow biopsies, or heart and lung function tests. Notably, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma consists of four stages. Doctors classify stage-1 as the least advanced, while they classify stage-4 as the most advanced.

Further Tests

If your biopsy results indicate non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, you may undergo further tests to determine how far the cancer has spread. For instance, doctors may include additional tests such as:

  • Blood tests to check you liver and kidney function (there is no direct blood test for lymphoma) 
  • Bone marrow biopsy 
  • Imaging tests such as CT scan, PET and MRI scans and ultrasound 
  • Lumbar puncture also known as spinal tap

Ultimately, the two important questions when a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is made are:

  • Firstly, what exact subtype is it (as treatment varies)
  • Secondly, How far has it spread in the body (stage)

Treatment of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

The four main types of treatment for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are as follows:

1. Chemotherapy
2. Immunotherapy
3. Radiation therapy
4. Targeted cell therapies

In addition, doctors often recommend that patients combine treatments; however, the best combination depends on several factors, including the following:

  • The type and stage of the lymphoma
  • Moreover, the patient’s overall health and fitness levels

Risk Factors of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Furthermore, researchers have identified several factors that can affect a person’s chance of getting non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Notably, many types of lymphoma exist, and some of these factors only link to certain types.

Specifically, the risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma include the following:

  • Autoimmune diseases
  •  Age: being older, as most patients who receive the diagnosis are 60s or older.
  • Body weight: Being over weight and having an unhealthy diet
  • Breast implants
  • Certain infections
  • Family History:
  • Exposure to certain chemicals and drugs
  • Gender: The risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is higher in men than in women , however, there are certain types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) that are more common in women. The reasons for this are unknown.
  • Having weakened immune system 
  • Race
  • Radiation exposure
  • Ethnicity
  • Geography.

In addition following conditions can increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL):

  • Bacterial infections, such as with Helicobacter pylori
  • Viral infections, such as with the Epstein-Barr virus
  • Having an autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis
  • Individuals who have received an organ transplant
  • Patients who had cancer treatment
  • Having an immunodeficiency disorder, such as AIDS

Outlook of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

The term “5-year survival rate” indicates the percentage of people who live for at least 5 years after receiving a diagnosis.

The overall 5-year survival rate for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is 70%. However, it is important to remember that this figure is based on averages.

Moreover, a person’s outlook depends on the type and stage of the cancer, among other factors. Consequently, a doctor can provide more detailed information based on factors specific to each patient.

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is, indeed a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Specifically, aamples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Moreover, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Additionally, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In particular, critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Moreover, patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Specifically, Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Therefore, please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Customized Collections

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens, furthermore; we offer special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols. Additionally you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

 

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