Bay Biosciences provides human serum and plasma samples from patients who had recent mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). Specifically, the serum and plasma samples were collected at multiple time points.

Furthermore, the serum and plasma samples are provided with patients detailed clinical information, with serology, CT scans and elevated biomarkers to a pharmaceutical customer for research., development and drug discovery.

Traumatic Brain Injury Overview

Traumatic brain injury can happen when, consequently, a sudden, violent blow or jolt to the head results in damage to the brain. In the United States and elsewhere, it is, therefore, a major cause of disability and death.

As the brain collides with the inside of the skull, there may, for instance, be bruising of the brain, tearing of nerve fibers, and bleeding. If, on the other hand, the skull fractures , a broken piece of skull may penetrate the brain tissue.

The causes, in particular, include falls, sports injuries, gunshot wounds, physical aggression, and road traffic accidents.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define  a TBI as “a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or penetrating head injury.”

The severity of symptoms, in general, will depend on which part of the brain is affected, whether it is in a specific location or, alternatively, over a widespread area, and the extent of the damage.

In mild cases, for example, temporary confusion confusion and headache may occur. However, serious TBI can result in unconsciousness, amnesia, disability, coma, and, ultimately, death or long-term impairment.

The CDC estimates that, in 2013, TBI contributed to the deaths of, notably, some 50,000 people. In 2012, similarly, 329,290 people aged under 19 years sought emergency treatment for a TBI resulting from a sporting or recreational activity.

Furthermore, parents, guardians, and teachers should ensure that children are properly supervised and that they wear appropriate safety equipment during sporting and other activities.

Moreover, a head injury or suspected TBI needs medical attention.

Facts on Traumatic Brain Injury

  • The effect of a TBI, such as concussion, depends on the severity of the injury and where it occurs.
  • It is a major cause of death and disability in the United States and worldwide.
  • Causes include falls, road traffic accidents, and sports injuries.
  • Symptoms include confusion, persistent headaches, convulsions, and memory loss.
  • Anyone who receives a head injury, however mild, should consider seeking medical attention.

Types Traumatic Brain Injury

There are two major types of TBI: open and closed. In open TBI, the skull is broken. In a close TBI, it is not.

Furthermore, classifications include:

Firstly, concussion: A direct impact trauma that may or may not involve a loss of consciousness. This is the most common type of TBI. It is often mild, but it can be fatal.

Secondly, contusion: When a direct blow causes localized bleeding in the brain, possibly resulting in a blood clot.

Additionally, diffuse axonal injury: When tears occur in the brain structure due to shearing by the skull.

Finally, penetrating injury: When a sharp object enters the brain.

Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury

Signs and symptoms may appear at once, within 24 hours, or, conversely, they may emerge days or weeks after the injury. Sometimes, in fact, the symptoms can be subtle. For instance, a person may notice a problem but may not relate it to the injury. Additionally, some people may show no symptoms after a TBI; however, their condition worsens later.

Moreover, the effects can be both physical and psychological.

Specifically, the initial physical effects include bruising and swelling. Furthermore, increased pressure in the brain can damage brain tissue as it presses against the skull or as one part of the brain pushes into another.

Consequently, it can put pressure on blood vessels, thereby reducing their ability to supply the brain cells with oxygen and essential nutrients.

Internal bleeding

Signs of internal bleeding include bruising behind the ears (battle sign) or around the eyes (raccoon eyes). These can potentially indicate a severe or life-threatening injury. They need immediate medical attention.

Other signs that may indicate severe injury include:

  • Agitation
  • A loss of consciousness
  • Convulsions or seizures
  • Dilated pupils
  • Inability to wake up from sleep
  • Repeated vomiting
  • Slurred speech
  • Weakness or numbness in the arms, legs, hands, or feet
  • Loss of coordination
  • Severe headache
  • Weaknessand numbness in hands, feet, arms or legs

Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury

A severe jolt or blow to the head, or a head injury that penetrates and disrupts normal brain function, ultimately causes TBI.

In addition, the cerebrospinal fluid around the human brain protects it from jolts and bumps. Specifically, the fluid allows the brain to float inside the skull.

Furthermore, a violent blow or jolt to the head can push the brain against the inner wall of the skull, which can lead to the tearing of fibers and bleeding in and around the brain.

According to the CDC, the leading causes of TBI in the U.S. in 2013 were:

  • Firstly, Falls: Responsible for 47 percent of reported cases, notably in children aged up to 14 years and adults aged over 65 years
  • Secondly, motor vehicle accidents: These accounted for 14 percent of cases, especially in the 15 to 19-year age group.
  • Moreover, Being struck by or colliding with an object: 15 percent of TBIs resulted from a collision with either a moving or stationery object.

Finally, other causes include domestic violence and work-related and industrial accidents.

Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

In a mild case of TBI, symptoms normally go away without treatment. However, repeated, mild TBIs can be dangerous or fatal. Therefore, this is why it is essential to rest and avoid further exposure until a doctor gives the go-ahead.

Moreover, severe cases will require hospitalization, possibly with intensive care.

In addition, emergency care aims to stabilize the patient’s condition and prevent any worsening of brain damage.

Specifically, this will involve ensuring the airway is open, providing ventilation and oxygen, and maintaining blood pressure.

Furthermore, medications may be used to help control symptoms.

  • For instance sedation: This can help prevent agitation and excess muscle activity and contribute to pain relief. Examples include, profanol.
  • Additionally, pain relief: Opioids may be used.
  • On the other hand, diuretics: These increase urine output and reduce the amount of fluid in tissue. These are administered intravenously. In fact, mannitol is the most commonly used diuretic for TBI patients.
  • Furthermore, anti-seizure medication: A person who has experienced moderate to severe TBI may have seizures for up to a week after the incident. Thus, medication may help prevent further brain damage that may result from a seizure.
  • Finally, coma-inducing medications: During a coma, a person needs less oxygen. Sometimes, a coma may be deliberately induced coma if the blood vessels are unable to supply adequate amounts of food and oxygen to the brain.

Surgery

Surgery may be necessary in some cases.

  • Removing a hematoma: Internal bleeding can cause partly or fully clotted blood to pool in some part of the brain, worsening the pressure on the brain tissue. Emergency surgery can remove a hematoma from between the skull and the brain, reducing pressure inside the skull and preventing further brain damage.
  • Repairing a skull fracture: Any part of the skull that is fractured and pressing into the brain will need to be surgically repaired. Skull fractures that are not pressing into the brain normally heal on their own. The main concern with a skull fracture is that forces strong enough to cause it may have caused further, underlying damage.
  • Creating an opening in the skull: This can relieve the pressure inside the skull if other interventions have not worked.

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is, indeed a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Specifically, aamples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancerserum, cancerplasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Moreover, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Additionally, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In particular, critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Moreover, patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Specifically, Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Therefore, please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Customized Collections

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens, furthermore; we offer special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols. Additionally you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

 

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