Alveoli
Alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs). The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out. Oxygen breathed in from the air passes through the alveoli and into the blood and travels to the tissues throughout the body. Carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body’s tissues and passes through the alveoli to be breathed out.
Alveoli are an important part of the respiratory system whose function it is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream. These tiny, balloon-shaped air sacs sit at the very end of the respiratory tree and are arranged in clusters throughout the lungs. Alveoli are tiny balloon shaped structures and are the smallest passageway in the respiratory system. The alveoli are very thin, allowing the relatively easy passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and blood vessels known as capillaries.
The alveoli are made up of two different types of cells that perform different functions:
- Type I pneumocytes are the cells that are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Type II pneumocytes perform two important functions. They are responsible for repairing damage to the alveolar lining and also secrete surfactant.
There are also many immune cells known as alveolar macrophages in the alveoli. Macrophages are essentially the garbage trucks of the immune system, and phagocytize or “eat” debris they come across. They are responsible for cleaning up any particles that are not caught by the cilia or mucus in the upper respiratory tract, as well as dead cells and bacteria.
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