Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade, biopsy tissue samples, FFPE tissue blocks with matched cryogenically preserved K2EDTA plasma, sera (serum) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from chronic myeloid (or myelogenous) leukemia (CML) patients.
The K2EDTA plasma, sera (serum) and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Overview
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) develops in the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow and spreads to the blood. It is also knowns as chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, or chronic myelocytic leukemia.
The term “chronic” means that this cancer usually grows slower compared to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). “Myelogenous” refers to the type of cells affected by this type of cancer.
CML is one of the four main types of leukemia, and it is most common in adult patients. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) adds that CML is one of the four most common forms of leukemia in adults.
According to the American Cancer Society, it accounts for about 15% of adult cases of leukemia but rarely affects children.
The symptoms and treatment options can vary according to the stage of CML. Treatment options include targeted drug therapy, chemotherapy or a bone marrow transplant.
Phases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Following are the three phases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML):
- Chronic Phase: Most CML patients are diagnosed during this phase, when the disease typically responds well to treatment. Although many patients do not have symptoms at this stage, doctors may detect the cancer if they order blood tests for the patient for another health condition.
- Accelerated Phase: This phase occurs if the chronic phase is untreated. The cancer grows faster, and a patient may experience some symptoms, such as fatigue and unexplained weight loss.
- Blast (or Blastic) Phase: Similar to the acute form of myeloid leukemia, this phase produces a range of symptoms. The cancer may spread outside of the bone marrow and blood.
Signs and Symptoms Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
The signs and symptoms of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) vary among the disease phases. According to the LSS, during the chronic phase, a patient may not experience any symptoms.
When symptoms do occur, they are nonspecific, which means that they overlap with those of many different diseases. Because of this, a patient who do experience certain symptoms may not associate them with CML.
Some of the common symptoms of CML may include the following:
- Aches in the bones
- Enlarged spleen
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Feeling full after eating a small meal
- Night Sweats
- Pain or fullness in the stomach
- Weight Loss
- Weakness
The LLS states that many of the symptoms occur due to anemia or other CML-related issues.
Causes of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
According to the American Cancer Society (ACS) most cases of CML result from mutations or changes within the DNA of cells. In most cases of CML, chromosomes 9 and 22 “swap” part of their code.
This swapping of the code, known as translocation, causes chromosome 22 to be shorter than it would be otherwise. The shortened chromosome is called the Philadelphia chromosome, and it is present in nearly all patients living with CML.
The swapped chromosomes lead to the creation of a new, cancerous gene known as BCR-ABL. The new gene creates the BCR-ABL protein, which is responsible for the growing and rapid dividing of CML cells.
Diagnosis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
CML often does not cause symptoms in the early phase of the disease. However, a doctor may discover the cancer if a routine blood examination reveals an abnormal white blood cell count.
If CML does present with symptoms, these will be nonspecific, and the doctor will need to order tests to confirm the condition and rule out other causes.
Diagnostic tests that they may order to confirm a diagnosis of CML include the following:
- Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: Doctors use this to examine abnormalities in bone marrow cells.
- Complete blood count (CBC) with differential: This test reveals the different types of white blood cells present, as well as providing red blood cell and platelet counts.
- Cytogenetic analysis: This analysis checks for chromosome abnormalities in the bone marrow.
- Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): Doctors use FISH to study the genes and chromosomes in the cells.
- Peripheral blood smear: This test allows doctors to determine the number of each type of blood cell and their shapes and sizes.
- Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR): A qPCR measures the amount of the BCR-ABL1 gene in the blood or bone marrow.
Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
There are multiple treatment options for CML. Several ongoing studies are also looking at new and better ways to treat the cancer.
Currently, treatments that the NCI identifies for use in CML include:
- Chemotherapy
- Donor lymphocyte infusion
- High dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant
- Immunotherapy
- Surgery
- Targeted therapies
Various factors will determine a patient’s treatment options, including the phase of CML they are in and their age and overall health. A treatment team will work with the individual to develop a plan that works best for them.
Chronic Phase Treatment
According to the NCI, doctors often suggest the following treatments for people who receive a diagnosis while they are in the chronic phase of CML:
- A new treatment as part of a clinical trial
- Chemotherapy
- High dose chemotherapy with donor stem cell transplant
- Splenectomy
- Targeted therapies using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Accelerated Phase Treatment
Common treatments for the accelerated phase of CML include the following:
- A high dose chemotherapy
- Donor stem cell transplant
- Targeted therapy using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and then donor stem cell transplant
- Immunotherapy (interferon) with or without chemotherapy
- Transfusion therapy
- New treatment as part of a clinical trial
Blastic Phase Treatment
The blastic phase is a much more aggressive version of CML. Treatment may involve:
- Chemotherapy to help improve quality of life and relieve symptoms
- Donor stem cell transplant
- Enrollment in clinical trials
- High dose chemotherapy
- Targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib mesylate (Gleevec), dasatinib (Sprycel), or nilotinib (Tasigna)
Risk Factors of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Certain risk factors may increase the risk of a person to develop CML.
According to the ACS following are the risk factors of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML):
- Age: A person’s risk increases as they get older.
- Radiation exposure: Exposure to high degrees of radiation from a nuclear reactor accident or atomic bomb blast increases the risk of CML.
- Sex: Males are more likely than females to develop CML.
Outlook of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Usually, the sooner a patient receives treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the better their outcome. However, a patient’s age and overall health will play a part in determining their outcome, as will the phase of CML at diagnosis.
According to the ACS the most effective drugs for CML treatment only became available in 2001, so there is not yet much data on life expectancy when taking these medications. However, most patients who have received these treatments are still alive.
According to the researchers behind a large study published in 2012 reported the following are the CML survival rates since 2001:
- Accelerated phase: 75% survival rate after 8 years
- Blastic phase: median survival time of 6 months
- Chronic phase: 87% survival rate after 8 years
Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.
Samples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.
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Our biobank procures and stores fully consented, deidentified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.
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This critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.
Patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.
Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.
Including fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.
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Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.
Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:
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