Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade bio-samples, biopsy tissue samples, FFPE tissue blocks, sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid specimens from patients diagnosed with Diabetic Nephropathy. The PBMC, sera (serum) and plasma samples are processed from patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized processing protocols.
The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from diabetic nephropathy patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols. The diabetic nephropathy tissue and matched biofluid samples are collected from unique patients diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy. Samples and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery and drug development.
Detailed clinical data, diabetic nephropathy patient’s history, symptoms, complete blood count (CBC), serology, MRI, biopsy tissue, histopathology information, elevated biomarker levels, genetic and metabolic information. The diabetic nephropathy specimens are provided to a valued customer for research, development and drug discovery.
The diabetic nephropathy sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluids are processed from patients peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing. protocols.
Diabetic Nephropathy Overview
Diabetic nephropathy is a diabetic kidney disease that damages the kidneys as a results of having diabetes. Having high blood glucose levels due to diabetes can damage the part of the kidneys that filters the blood. The damaged filter becomes ‘leaky’ and let’s protein into the urine.
For some patients, diabetic nephropathy can progress to chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. However, most patients with diabetes do not develop kidney disease that progresses to kidney failure. Diabetic nephropathy is a serious kidney-related complication of Type-1 Diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
It is also called diabetic kidney disease. About 25% of people with diabetes eventually develop kidney disease. Diabetic nephropathy affects the kidneys ability to do their usual work of removing waste products and extra fluid from the body. The best way to prevent or delay diabetic nephropathy is by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and treating the diabetes and high blood pressure (hypertension). Over many years, the condition slowly damages the kidneys’ delicate filtering system.
Early treatment may prevent or slow the disease’s progress and reduce the chance of complications. The kidney disease may progress to kidney failure, also called end-stage kidney disease. Kidney failure is a life-threatening condition. At this stage the patients treatment options are either dialysis or a kidney transplant.
The main function of the kidneys is to filter waste products and excess water from the bloodstream so that they can be excreted from the body in the form of urine. This is carried out by a system of tubes and blood vessels known as nephrons. Inside the nephrons are tiny blood vessels called capillaries and tiny urine-collecting tubes.
One of the major structures in the nephron is a group of blood vessels known as the glomerulus, which acts as a filter. Having high blood glucose levels can interfere with the function of the glomerulus. The filtering function of the kidneys doesn’t work properly and proteins start to leak from the blood into the urine. High blood glucose levels can also cause scarring of the glomerulus (called glomerulosclerosis).
As the scarring gets worse, the kidneys stop being able to filter waste products from the blood. When enough glomeruli have been damaged, kidney failure results. Patients who have diabetic nephropathy also often have high blood pressure. High blood pressure can further contribute to kidney damage.
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetic Nephropathy
In the early stages of diabetic nephropathy, there may not be any signs or symptoms. It can take many years for the kidney damage to progress. Symptoms usually only appear when kidney damage has deteriorated significantly. Even then, the symptoms tends to be vague. In later stages, when the kidney damage becomes severe the signs and symptoms include the following:
- Weight loss
- Feeling sick
- Swollen ankles and feet (due to retaining fluid)
- Puffiness around the eyes
- Dry, itchy skin
- Muscle cramps
- Needing to pass urine more often
- Feeling tired
- Having difficulty concentrating
- Worsening blood pressure control
- Protein in the urine
- Swelling of feet, ankles, hands or eyes
- Increased need to urinate
- Reduced need for insulin or diabetes medicine
- Confusion or difficulty concentrating
- Shortness of breath
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea
- Persistent itching
- Fatigue
- Muscle twitching
- Vomiting
Causes of Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of type-1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Over time, poorly controlled diabetes can cause damage to blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood. This can lead to kidney damage and cause high blood pressure. High blood pressure (hypertension) can cause further kidney damage by increasing the pressure in the delicate filtering system of the kidneys.
Risk Factors of Diabetic Nephropathy
The risk of diabetic nephropathy is greater in patients who have type-1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Following are some of the many factors that can increase the risk of developing diabetic nephropathy:
- Length of time a patient have had diabetes
- High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) having high blood glucose levels (because your diabetes is not well managed)
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- High blood cholesterol
- Being overweight
- Obesity
- Smoking
- A family history of diabetes and kidney disease
The risk of developing diabetic nephropathy is higher if the patients have other problems related to diabetes. These include diabetic retinopathy.
Complications of Diabetic Nephropathy
Complications of diabetic nephropathy may develop gradually over months or years. The main complication of diabetic kidney disease is developing into chronic kidney disease which can further result into kidney failure. Patients with kidney failure need treatment with dialysis or a kidney transplant. Patients with diabetes are at risk of high blood pressure (hypertension) and cardiovascular disease such as heart disease or a stroke. Following are some of the complications that can develop in diabetic nephropathy patients:
- Anemia
- Damage to the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy)
- Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in the arms and legs, high blood pressure (hypertension), fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema).
- Diarrhea, foot sores, erectile dysfunction, and other issues related to damaged nerves and blood vessels
- Heart and blood vessel disease (cardiovascular disease), leading to stroke
- Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
- Irreversible damage to the kidneys
- Rise in potassium levels in the blood (hyperkalemia)
Diagnosis of Diabetic Nephropathy
To diagnose diabetic kidney disease, some of the following tests and medical procedures are performed:
- Blood Tests: Blood tests are recommended to check the kidney function. The level of creatinine, a waste product in the blood, can be measured to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The eGFR gives an indication of how well the kidneys are working to filter waste products from the blood.
- Urine Tests: Urine samples provide information about the kidney function and whether the patient have too much protein in the urine. High levels of a protein called microalbumin may indicate the kidneys are being affected by the disease. Urine samples are tested for a protein called albumin. The amount of albumin found in the urine indicates the amount of damage to the kidneys. Microalbuminuria: Tiny amounts of albumin in the urine indicates that the patient is at risk of developing diabetic nephropathy or may have early stage diabetic nephropathy.
- Proteinuria, or Macroalbuminuria: Larger amounts of albumin in the urine) indicates that the patient have more advanced diabetic nephropathy that may be affecting the ability of the kidneys to filter wastes.
- Imaging Tests: Doctors use X-rays and ultrasound to assess the kidneys’ structure and size. CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests are used to determine how well blood is circulating within the kidneys.
- Renal Function Tests: Renal analysis testing is performed to assess the kidneys’ filtering capacity.
- Kidney Biopsy: A kidney biopsy is performed and a kidney tissue sample is obtained through the biopsy procedure. Usually the biopsy is performed at a hospital or doctors clinic. A patient may be given a numbing medication (local anesthetic). The doctor will use a thin needle to remove small pieces of kidney tissue for examination under a microscope in a lab.
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Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors. Which includes peripheral whole-blood, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), sputum, pleural effusion, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum (sera), plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC’s). In addition we can provide saliva, Buffy coat, urine, stool samples, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, kidney stones, renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis and other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer. We can also procure most human bio-specimens and can do special collections and requests of human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB approved clinical protocols and procedures.
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