Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade bio-specimens, cryogenically preserved sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from patients diagnosed with Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease.
The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols. The Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease bio-specimens are collected from unique patients diagnosed with Type-1 diabetes (T1D) and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery and drug development.
Detailed clinical data, Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease patients history, symptoms, complete blood count (CBC), glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test, blood sugar tests, elevated biomarker levels, genetic and metabolic information, histopathological findings, annotations associated with Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease patient’s specimens is provided to a valued customer for research, development and drug discovery. The Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid are processed from patients peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Type-1 Diabetes Overview
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) also known as juvenile diabetes is a chronic, autoimmune disease. In Type-1 diabetes (T1D) cells in the pancreas that make insulin are destroyed and the pancreas produce very little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone required to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy and it helps regulates normal glucose levels in the bloodstream. The body gets glucose from the food you eat. When the cells have enough glucose, the liver and muscle tissues store the extra glucose, which is also called blood sugar, in the form of glycogen. It’s broken down into blood sugar and released when you need energy between meals, during exercise, or while you sleep.
In type 1 diabetes (T1D) disease, the body is unable to process glucose, due to the lack of insulin. Glucose from the food can’t make its way into the cells. This leaves too much glucose circulating in the blood. High blood sugar levels can lead to both short-term and long-term problems.
Different factors, including genetics and some viruses, may contribute to type 1 diabetes. Although type 1 diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence, it can develop in adults. Despite active research, type 1 diabetes has no cure. Treatment focuses on managing blood sugar levels with insulin, diet and lifestyle changes to prevent further complications.
Signs and Symptoms of Type-1 Diabetes
Following are the common signs and Symptoms of Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) disease:
- Tingling or loss of feeling in the hands and feet
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Bed-wetting in children who previously didn’t wet the bed during the night
- Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
- Extreme hunger
- Unintended weight loss
- Irritability and other mood changes
- Fatigue and weakness
- Blurred vision
These above symptoms may recur during the course of the type-1 diabetes disease, if the blood sugar is not well controlled by insulin replacement therapy. Improper control can also cause blood sugar levels to become too low (hypoglycemia). This may occur when the body’s needs change, such as during exercise or if eating is delayed. Hypoglycemia can cause headaches, dizziness, hunger, shaking, sweating, weakness, and agitation.
Uncontrolled Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease can lead to a life-threatening complication called diabetic ketoacidosis, which is one of the complications of diabetes. Without insulin, cells cannot take in glucose. A lack of glucose in cells prompts the liver to try to compensate by releasing more glucose into the blood, and blood sugar can become extremely high. The cells, unable to use the glucose in the blood for energy, respond by using fats instead. Breaking down fats to obtain energy produces waste products called ketones, which can build up to toxic levels in people with type 1 diabetes, resulting in diabetic ketoacidosis. Affected individuals may begin breathing rapidly; develop a fruity odor in the breath; and experience nausea, vomiting, facial flushing, stomach pain, and dryness of the mouth (xerostomia). In severe cases, diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to coma and death.
If the type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease is left untreated and uncontrolled over many years, the chronic high blood sugar associated with diabetes may cause damage to blood vessels and nerves, leading to complications affecting many bodily organs and tissues. The retina which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, can be damaged (diabetic retinopathy), leading to vision loss and eventual blindness.
Kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) may also occur and can lead to kidney failure and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Pain, tingling, and loss of normal sensation (diabetic neuropathy) often occur, especially in the feet. Impaired circulation and absence of the normal sensations that prompt reaction to injury can result in permanent damage to the feet; in severe cases, the damage can lead to amputation. People with type 1 diabetes are also at increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and problems with urinary and sexual dysfunction.
Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include the following:
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Rapid breathing
- Dry skin and mouth
- Flushed face
- Fruity breath odor
Causes of Type-1 Diabetes
The exact causes of developing Type-1 diabetes (T1D) are unknown. Usually, the body’s own immune system, which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses, mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet, or islets of Langerhans) cells in the pancreas. However, type-1 diabetes (T1D) is thought to be an autoimmune disease. The body’s immune system mistakenly attacks beta cells in the pancreas. These are the cells that make insulin. Scientists don’t fully understand why this happens. Genetic and environmental elements, such as viruses, may play a role.
Diagnosis of Type-1 Diabetes
Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease is usually diagnosed through a series of diagnostic tests.. Some can be conducted quickly, while others require longer time for preparation and monitoring.
Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease often develops quickly. Patients are diagnosed if they meet one of the following criteria:
- Fasting blood sugar > 126 mg/dL on two separate tests
- Random blood sugar > 200 mg/dL, along with symptoms of diabetes
- Hemoglobin A1c > 6.5 on two separate tests
These criteria are also used to diagnose type-2 diabetes. In fact, people with type-1 diabetes (T1D) are sometimes misdiagnosed as having type-2 diabetes. A doctor may not realize you’ve been misdiagnosed until you begin developing complications or worsening symptoms despite treatment. When blood sugar gets so high that diabetic ketoacidosis starts to occur and the patient becomes very sick. This is often the reason patients end up in the hospital and type-1 diabetes (T1D) is diagnosed.
Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) disease diagnostic tests include the following:
- Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test: This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells (hemoglobin). The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you’ll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.
If the A1C test isn’t available, or if you have certain conditions that can make the A1C test inaccurate, such as pregnancy or an uncommon form of hemoglobin (hemoglobin variant) , the following diagnostic test may be performed:
- Random blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken at a random time and may be confirmed by repeat testing. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Regardless of when you last ate, a random blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes, especially when coupled with any of the signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as frequent urination and extreme thirst.
- Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after an overnight fast. A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it’s 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.
If you’re diagnosed with diabetes, your doctor may also run blood tests to check for autoantibodies that are common in type-1 diabetes. These tests help distinguish between type-1 and type-2 diabetes when the diagnosis is uncertain. The presence of ketones byproducts from the breakdown of fat — in your urine also suggests type 1 diabetes, rather than type 2.
Type-1 Diabetes Risk Factors
Following are some of the likely risk factors for developing Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease:
Family history
Family history may be important in some cases of type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease. If you have a family member with type-1 diabetes, your risk of developing diabetes increases. A predisposition to develop type 1 diabetes is passed through generations in families, but the inheritance pattern is unknown. Several genes have been linked to this condition. However, not everyone who has these genes develops type-1 diabetes (T1D). Many researchers and doctors believe some type of trigger causes type-1 diabetes to develop in some people but not others. Following genes are reported to contribute to type-1 diabetes; HNF1A, IL6, ITPR3, PTPN.
Race
Race may be a risk factor for type-1 diabetes (T1D). It’s more likely to develop in white people than in people of other races.
Environmental factors
Some viruses may also trigger type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease. It’s unclear which viruses might be the culprits, however. Likewise, patients from cold climates are more likely to have type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease. Doctors also diagnose more cases of type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease in winter than they do in summer time.
Type-1 Diabetes Treatment
Treatment for Type-1 diabetes (T1D) includes:
- Taking insulin
- Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting
- Frequent blood sugar monitoring
- Eating healthy foods
- Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight
The goal is to keep your blood sugar level as close to normal as possible to delay or prevent complications of Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease. Generally, the goal is to keep your daytime blood sugar levels before meals between 80 and 130 mg/dL (4.44 to 7.2 mmol/L) and your after-meal numbers no higher than 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) two hours after eating.
Insulin and other medications
Anyone who has Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease needs lifelong insulin therapy.
Types of insulin are many and include:
- Short-acting (regular) insulin
- Rapid-acting insulin
- Intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin
- Long-acting insulin
Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens and human bio-fluid collections from cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma cancer PBMC and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.
Bay Biosciences maintains and manages it’s own bio-repository, human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types. Our biobank procures and stores fully consented, deidentified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.
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Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples including cryogenically preserved -80°C, fresh, fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, FFPE’s, tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC’s.
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Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors; including peripheral whole-blood, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), sputum, pleural effusion, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum (sera), plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC’s), saliva, Buffy coat, urine, stool samples, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, kidney stones, renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis and other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer. We can also procure most human bio-specimens and can do special collections and requests of human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB approved clinical protocols and procedures.
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