Edema Overview
Edema is swelling and puffiness in the body caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues. When parts of the body are affected with edema, they are considered edematous.
It most often occurs in the feet but can also affect the skin, especially in the hands, arms, ankles, legs, and feet. However, it can also affect the muscles, bowel, lungs, eyes, and brain.
Edema can be the result of medication, pregnancy or an underlying disease, often congestive heart failure, kidney disease or cirrhosis of the liver.
Signs and Symptoms of Edema
Following are the common signs and symptoms of Edema:
- Aches in the body and stiff joints
- Fuller hand and neck veins
- Puffiness of the ankles, face, or eyes
- Reduction in urine production
- Swelling or puffiness of the tissue directly under the skin, especially in the legs or the arms
- Swollen, stretched or shiny skin
- Skin that retains a dimple (pits), after being pressed for several seconds
- Increased abdominal size
- Unintentional Weight gain or weight loss
- Visual abnormalities
Causes of Edema
Edema occurs when tiny blood vessels in the body (capillaries) leak fluid. The fluid builds up in surrounding tissues, leading to swelling.
Mild cases of edema may result from the following conditions:
- Sitting or staying in one position for too long
- Having too much salty food
- Premenstrual signs and symptoms
- Pregnancy
Edema can also be a side effect from some of the following medications:
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)medications
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Steroids
- Estrogens
- Diabetes medications called thiazolidinediones
In some cases, Edema can be a sign of serious underlying medical condition. Several diseases and conditions may cause edema. Following are some of the diseases which can cause edema:
- Damage to veins in the legs: If a patient has chronic venous insufficiency, the one-way valves in the leg veins are weakened or damaged, which allows blood to pool in the leg veins and causes swelling.
Sudden onset of swelling in one leg accompanied by pain in the calf muscle can be due to a blood clot (deep vein thrombosis, or DVT) in one of the leg veins.
- Liver Cirrhosis: Fluid may accumulate in your abdominal cavity (ascites) and in your legs as a result of liver damage (cirrhosis).
- Congestive heart failure: In congestive heart failure, one or both of the heart’s lower chambers lose their ability to pump blood effectively. As a result, blood can back up in the legs, ankles and feet, causing edema. Congestive heart failure can also cause swelling in the abdomen. Sometimes, this condition can cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs (pulmonary edema), which can lead to shortness of breath.
- Kidney damage: Damage to the tiny, filtering blood vessels in the kidneys can result in nephrotic syndrome. In nephrotic syndrome, declining levels of protein (albumin) in your blood can lead to fluid accumulation and edema.
- Inadequate lymphatic system: The body’s lymphatic system helps clear excess fluid from tissues. If this system is damaged, the lymph nodes and lymph vessels draining an area may not work correctly, and edema can occur.
- Kidney disease: In kidney disease, extra fluid and sodium in the circulation may cause edema. The edema associated with kidney disease usually occurs in the legs and around the eyes.
- Protein deficiency: An extreme lack (deficiency), of protein in the diet over a long period of time can lead to fluid accumulation and edema.
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