Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade, fresh frozen biopsy tissue bio-specimens, cryogenically preserved sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from patients diagnosed with Endometriosis.
The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from endometriosis patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols. The endometriosis fresh frozen biopsy tissue and matched biofluid samples are collected from unique patients diagnosed with endometriosis disease and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery and drug development.
Detailed clinical data, endometriosis patients history, symptoms, complete blood count (CBC), serology, MRI, abdominal ultrasound, liver biopsy histopathology information, elevated biomarker levels, genetic and metabolic information associated with endometriosis specimens is provided to a valued customer for research, development and drug discovery.
The Endometriosis sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid are processed from patients peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Endometriosis Overview
Endometriosis is a painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that that forms the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. Endometriosis most commonly involves the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining the pelvis. The lining of the uterus is called the endometrium. Rarely, endometrial tissue may spread beyond pelvic organs. Endometriosis is a long-term condition that can have a significant impact on your life, it can affect women of any age.
Endometriosis occurs when endometrial tissue grows on the ovaries, bowel, and tissues lining the pelvis. Endometriosis most common on the ovaries. This tissue acts like regular uterine tissue does during your period, it will break apart and bleed at the end of the cycle. But this blood has nowhere to go. Surrounding areas may become inflamed or swollen. You might have scar tissue and lesions. It’s unusual for endometrial tissue to spread beyond the pelvic region, but it’s not impossible. Endometrial tissue growing outside of your uterus is known as an endometrial implant.
The hormonal changes of your menstrual cycle affect the misplaced endometrial tissue, causing the area to become inflamed and painful. This means the tissue will grow, thicken, and break down. Over time, the tissue that has broken down has nowhere to go and becomes trapped in the pelvis.
Types of Endometriosis
Following are the three main types of endometriosis, based on where it is located:
- Superficial peritoneal lesion: This is the most common kind of endometriosis, in this type of endometriosis you have lesions on your peritoneum, a thin film that lines your pelvic cavity.
- Endometrioma (ovarian lesion): These dark, fluid-filled cysts, also called chocolate cysts, form deep in your ovaries. They don’t respond well to treatment and can damage healthy tissue.
- Deeply infiltrating endometriosis: This type of endometriosis grows under the peritoneum and can involve organs near the uterus, such as the bowels or bladder. About 1% to 5% of women with endometriosis have deeply infiltrating endometriosis.
Signs and Symptoms of Endometriosis
The symptoms of endometriosis vary in different patients, some women experience mild symptoms, but others can have moderate to severe symptoms. The severity of your pain doesn’t indicate the degree or stage of the condition. You may have a mild form of the disease yet experience agonizing pain. It’s also possible to have a severe form and have very little discomfort.
Pelvic pain is the most common symptom of endometriosis. You may also have the following symptoms:
- Painful periods
- Pain in the lower abdomen before and during menstruation
- Cramps one or two weeks around menstruation
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Fatigue
- Heavy menstrual bleeding or bleeding between periods
- Infertility
- Pain after sexual intercourse
- Discomfort with bowel movements
- Lower back pain that may occur at any time during your menstrual cycle
Some endometriosis patients may also have no symptoms. It is important for women to get regular gynecological exams, which will allow your gynecologist to monitor any changes. This is particularly important if you have any of the two or more above symptoms.
Causes of Endometriosis
Exact causes of why endometriosis develop is unknown. Researchers have suggested several theories including the following:
- Problems with the immune system, the body’s natural defense against illness and infection.
- Genetics In some cases endometriosis tends to run in families, and affects people of certain ethnic groups more than others.
- Retrograde menstruation: Retrograde menstruation means when some of the womb lining flows up through the fallopian tubes and embeds itself on the organs of the pelvis, rather than leaving the body as a period.
- Endometrium cells spreading through the body in the bloodstream or lymphatic system, a series of tubes and glands that form part of the immune system.
One of the oldest theories is that endometriosis occurs due to a process called retrograde menstruation. This happens when menstrual blood flows back through your fallopian tubes into your pelvic cavity instead of leaving your body through the vagina.
Another theory is that hormones transform the cells outside the uterus into cells similar to those lining the inside of the uterus, known as endometrial cells.
Others believe the condition may occur if small areas of your abdomen convert into endometrial tissue. This may happen because cells in your abdomen grow from embryonic cells, which can change shape and act like endometrial cells. It’s not known why this occurs. These displaced endometrial cells may be on your pelvic walls and the surfaces of your pelvic organs, such as the bladder, ovaries, and rectum. They continue to grow, thicken, and bleed over the course of your menstrual cycle in response to the hormones of your cycle.
It’s also possible for the menstrual blood to leak into the pelvic cavity through a surgical scar, such as after a cesarean delivery or a C-section.
Another theory is that the endometrial cells are transported out of the uterus through the lymphatic system. Still another theory purports it may be due to a faulty immune system that isn’t destroying errant endometrial cells.
Some believe endometriosis might start in the fetal period with misplaced cell tissue that begins to respond to the hormones of puberty. This is often called Mullerian theory. The development of endometriosis might also be linked to genetics or even environmental toxins.
Diagnosis of Endometriosis
Following are some of the tests performed to diagnose endometriosis and other conditions that can cause pelvic pain symptoms:
- Pelvic exam: During a pelvic exam, a doctor manually feels (palpates) areas in the pelvis for abnormalities, such as cysts on your reproductive organs or scars behind your uterus. Often it’s not possible to feel small areas of endometriosis unless they’ve caused a cyst to form.
- Ultrasound: Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body. To capture the images, a device called a transducer is either pressed against your abdomen or inserted into the vagina (transvaginal ultrasound). Both types of ultrasound may be done to get the best view of the reproductive organs. A standard ultrasound imaging test won’t definitively explain whether you have endometriosis, but it can identify cysts associated with endometriosis (endometriomas).
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An MRI is an exam that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body. MRI helps with surgical planning, giving detailed information about the location and size of endometrial implants.
- Laparoscopy: In certain cases, patients may be referred for a procedure that allows the surgeon to view inside the abdomen (laparoscopy). While you’re under general anesthesia, the surgeon makes a tiny incision near your navel and inserts a slender viewing instrument (laparoscope), looking for signs of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. A laparoscopy can provide information about the location, extent and size of the endometrial implants. The surgeon may take a tissue biopsy sample for further testing. Often, with proper surgical planning, the surgeon can fully treat endometriosis during the laparoscopy so that you need only one surgery.
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