Bay Biosciences provides high-quality, fresh frozen biopsy tissue samples. Specifically, FFPE tissue blocks come with matched fresh frozen sera (serum), plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In addition, bio-fluids are collected from unique patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer.

Moreover, fresh frozen tissue and matched bio-fluid samples are collected from unique patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer.

Furthermore, samples are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery, and drug development.

Head and Neck Cancer Overview

Head and neck cancer is, indeed, the term used to describe a number of different malignant tumors. However, these tumors develop in or around the throat, larynx, nose, sinuses, and mouth.

Moreover, cancers that are known collectively as head and neck cancers. Furthermore, it usually begin in the squamous cells that line the moist, mucosal surfaces inside the head and neck.

For example, inside the mouth, the nose, or the throat. In addition, these squamous cell cancers are often referred to as squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.

Furthermore, head and neck cancers can also begin in the salivary glands. However, salivary gland cancers are relatively uncommon.

Notably, salivary glands contain many different types of cells that can become cancerous. Consequently, there are many different types of salivary gland cancer.

Types of Head and Neck Cancer

Doctors categorize cancers of the head and neck by the area of the head or neck in which they begin. In addition, following are different types of head and neck cancers:

Oral Cavity

First, Oral Cavity Cancer: Oral cavity cancers include the lips, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the gums, the lining inside the cheeks and lips, the floor or bottom part of the mouth under the tongue, the hard palate or the bony top of the mouth, and the small area of the gum behind the wisdom teeth.

Cancer of Pharynx

Furthermore, Cancer of Pharynx: The pharynx (throat) is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and leads to the esophagus.

Multiple Parts

Specifically, it has three parts: the nasopharynx (the upper part of the pharynx, behind the nose); the oropharynx (the middle part of the pharynx, including the soft palate [the back of the mouth], the base of the tongue, and the tonsils); and the hypopharynx (the lower part of the pharynx).

Cancer of the Larynx

Cancer of the Larynx: The cancers of the larynx, which is also called the voice box, form a short passageway created by cartilage just below the pharynx in the neck.

The larynx contains the vocal cords, and it also has a small piece of tissue, called the epiglottis, which moves to cover the larynx to prevent food from entering the air passages.

Paranasal Cancer

Cancer of Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity: The paranasal sinuses are small hollow spaces in the bones of the head that surround the nose.

Nasal Cavity

The nasal cavity is the hollow space inside the nose. Salivary Glands Cancers: The major salivary glands are in the floor of the mouth and near the jawbone, and the salivary glands produce saliva.

Causes of Head and Neck Cancer

Alcohol and tobacco, including smokeless tobacco, chewing tobacco, or snuff, pose the most important risk factors for head and neck cancers; specifically, cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx.  Moreover, tobacco and alcohol use cause at least 75% of head and neck cancers.

Furthermore, people who use both tobacco and alcohol face a greater risk of developing these cancers than people who use either tobacco or alcohol alone. Conversely, tobacco and alcohol do not pose risk factors for salivary gland cancers.

Cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, increase the risk of some types of head and neck cancers; specifically, oropharyngeal cancers that involve the tonsils or the base of the tongue.

Alcohol and tobacco, including smokeless tobacco, chewing tobacco, or snuff, create the most important risk factors for head and neck cancers; specifically, cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. Moreover, tobacco and alcohol use account for at least 75% of head and neck cancers.

Furthermore, individuals who use both tobacco and alcohol face a greater risk of developing these cancers than those who use either tobacco or alcohol alone. Conversely, tobacco and alcohol do not create risk factors for salivary gland cancers.

Cancer-causing types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, increase the risk of some types of head and neck cancers; specifically, oropharyngeal cancers that involve the tonsils or the base of the tongue.

Furthermore, in the United States, the number of oropharyngeal cancers caused by HPV infection is increasing, whereas the number of oropharyngeal cancers related to other causes is falling.

Risk Factors

Following are some of the other risk factors for cancers of the head and neck:

Paan

Paan (betel quid): Immigrants from Southeast Asia who use paan (betel quid) in the mouth should be aware that this habit has been strongly associated with an increased risk of oral cancer.

Preserved Foods

Preserved or salted foods: Consumption of certain preserved or salted foods during childhood is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer.

Oral Health: Poor oral hygiene and missing teeth may be weak risk factors for cancers of the oral cavity. Use of mouthwash that has a high alcohol content is a possible, but not proven, risk factor for cancers of the oral cavity.

Occupational Exposure: Occupational exposure to wood dust is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. Certain industrial exposures, including exposures to asbestos and synthetic fibers, have been associated with cancer of the larynx, but the increase in risk remains controversial.

People working in certain jobs in the construction, metal, textile, ceramic, logging, and food industries may have an increased risk of cancer of the larynx.

Industrial exposure to wood or nickel dust or formaldehyde is a risk factor for cancres of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.

Radiation exposure: Radiation to the head and neck, for noncancerous conditions or cancer, is a risk factor for cancer of the salivary glands.

Epstein-Barr virus infection: Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the salivary glands.

Ancestry: Asian ancestry, particularly Chinese ancestry, is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer.

Signs and Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer

General Symptoms

A symptom is something that only the person experiencing it can identify and describe, such as:

A sign is something that other people can identify and measure, such as:

  • Fever
  • Rash
  • An Elevated Pulse

Together, signs and symptoms can help describe a medical problem. Sometimes, patients with head and neck cancer do not have any of the signs and symptoms described below. Or, the cause of a symptom or sign may be a medical condition that is not cancer.

Specific Symptoms

Patients with head and neck cancer often experience the following symptoms or signs.

  • Firstly, swelling or a sore that does not heal; this is the most common symptom
  • Additionally, red or white patch in the mouth
  • Furthermore, lump, bump, or mass in the head or neck area, with or without pain
  • Moreover, persistent sore throat
  • In addition, foul mouth odor not explained by hygiene
  • Likewise, hoarseness or change in voice
  • Furthermore, nasal obstruction or persistent nasal congestion
  • Additionally, frequent nose bleeds and/or unusual nasal discharge
  • Finally, Difficulty breathing
  • And in some cases, double vision

Additional Symptoms

  • Numbness or weakness weakness of a body part in the head and neck region
  • Pain or difficulty chewing, swallowing, or moving the jaw or tongue
  • Jaw pain
  • Blood in the saliva or phlegm, which is mucus discharged into the mouth from respiratory passages
  • Loosening of teeth
  • Dentures that no longer fit
  • Fatigue
  • Ear pain or infection
  • Unexplained weight loss

Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancers

To find the cause of the signs or symptoms of a problem in the head and neck area, a doctor evaluates a patient’s medical history, performs a physical examination, and, in addition, orders diagnostic tests.

Furthermore, the exams and tests may vary depending on the symptoms. Consequently, examination of a sample of tissue (biopsy) under a microscope is always necessary to confirm a diagnosis of cancer.

If, for instance, the diagnosis is cancer, the doctor will want to learn the stage (or extent) of the disease. Consequently, staging is a careful attempt to find out whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) and, if so, to which parts of the body.

Furthermore, staging may involve an examination under anesthesia (in an operating room), x-rays and other imaging procedures, as well as laboratory tests. Ultimately, knowing the stage of the disease helps the doctor plan treatment.

Treatment of Head and Neck Cancers

The treatment plan for an individual patient depends on a number of factors, including, for example, the exact location of the tumor, the stage of the cancer, and, importantly, the patient’s age and general health.

Furthermore, treatment for head and neck cancer can include various options such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or, in some cases, a combination of treatments.

HPV Virus

Patients who are diagnosed with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer may be treated differently than patients with oropharyngeal cancers that are HPV-negative. Moreover, recent research has shown that patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal tumors have a better prognosis and, therefore, may do just as well on less intense treatment.

Consequently, the patient and the doctor should consider treatment options carefully. In addition, they should discuss each type of treatment **and** how it might change the way the patient looks, talks, eats, or breathes.

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is, indeed a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Specifically, aamples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Moreover, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Additionally, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In particular, critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Moreover, patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Specifically, Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Therefore, please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Customized Collections

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens. Furthermore; we offer special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols. Additionally you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

 

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