Bay Biosciences supplies high-quality, clinical-grade bio-specimens; specifically, these include fresh frozen tumor tissue, FFPE tumor tissue blocks, and matched cryogenically preserved sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

The sera (serum), plasma, and PBMC bio-fluid specimens are processed from patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.

In addition, detailed clinical data, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients’ history to a valued customer for research.

Finally, researchers process the HNSCC sera (serum), plasma, and PBMC bio-fluid from patients’ peripheral whole blood.

 

Head and Neck Cancer Overview

Head and neck cancers usually start in the squamous cells that line the moist, mucosal surfaces inside the head and neck, such as inside the mouth, the nose, and the throat.

Moreover, they can be cancerous or noncancerous (benign). Consequently, head and neck tumors and treatment-related side effects may impair patients’ ability to eat, swallow, and breathe.

In addition, healthcare professionals use the term head and neck cancer to describe the diverse group of malignant tumors that can occur in the head and neck region.

For instance, examples include:

– Laryngeal cancer
– Mouth cancer
– Nasal cavity and sinus cancer
– Salivary gland cancer
– Skin cancers
– Throat cancer
– Thyroid cancer
– Tongue cancer

Benign Growths

Benign (noncancerous) growths can also form in the head and neck region; for example, parathyroid tumors and salivary gland tumors are included.

Moreover, most of the head and neck cancers are classified as squamous cell carcinomas, or, in other words, cancers that are initiated in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat. Consequently, these squamous cell cancers are often referred to as squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

In fact, cancers of the head and neck are categorized by the area of the head or neck in which they are initiated. Therefore, head and neck cancers can be spread quickly to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body, including the lungs.

Oral Cavity Cancer

Oral Cavity Cancer affects, in particular, the lips; furthermore, it impacts the front two-thirds of the tongue, the gums, the lining inside the cheeks and lips, as well as the floor under the tongue. 

Pharyngeal Cancer

Pharyngeal cancer: The cancer that develops in the pharynx or the throat, which is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that begins behind the nose and leads to the esophagus.

Furthermore, doctors divide the pharynx into three parts: the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx behind the nose.

Moreover the oropharynx, which is the middle part of the pharynx, including the soft palate or the back of the mouth, the base of the tongue, and the tonsils; and, finally, the hypopharynx, which is the lower part of the pharynx.

Laryngeal Cancer

Laryngeal Cancer: The larynx, also known as the voice box, develops cancer; specifically, it is a short passageway formed by cartilage just below the pharynx in the neck. Furthermore, the larynx contains the vocal cords. In addition, a small piece of tissue, called the epiglottis, moves to cover the larynx in order to prevent food from entering the air passages.

Paranasal Cancer

Cancer of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity develops in the small hollow spaces in the bones of the head surrounding the nose. **In addition**, the nasal cavity contains the hollow space inside the nose.

On the other hand, cancer of the salivary glands develops in the salivary glands, which are located in the floor of the mouth and near the jawbone. Furthermore, the salivary glands produce saliva

Signs and Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer

The affected area of the head and neck determines the signs and symptoms of head and neck cancer; furthermore, different parts of the head and neck where cancer develops present different symptoms. Therefore, following are some of the signs and symptoms categorized according to the area where cancer occurs:

First cancer in the mouth, cancer can cause:

  • A white or red sore that does not heal on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth
  • Swelling in the jaw
  • Unusual bleeding or pain in the mouth
  • A lump or thickening
  • Problems with dentures
  • Numbness or paralysis of the muscles in the face

Secondly Cancer at the back of the mouth (pharynx) can cause:

  • Trouble breathing or speaking
  • A lump or thickening  
  • A lump or sore that does not heal
  • Trouble chewing or swallowing food
  • Pain in the throat that won’t go away
  • Coughing that won’t go away
  • Pain or ringing in the ears or trouble hearing
  • Pain  in the face, chin, neck or throat that does not go away

Thirdly cancer In the voice box (larynx) can cause:

  • Pain when swallowing
  • Ear pain

Finally cancer in the sinuses and nasal cavity, cancer can cause:

  • Blocked sinuses that don’t clear
  • Sinus infections that do not respond to treatment with antibiotics
  • Bleeding through the nose
  • Headaches
  • Dizziness
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • Pain and swelling around the eyes.
  • Problems with dentures
  • Pain in the upper teeth.

Causes of Head and Neck Cancer

The unknown causes of Head and Neck cancer result from many risk factors; consequently, people believe these factors cause these cancers and lead normal cells to become cancerous.

Specifically, scientists link eighty-five percent of head and neck cancers to tobacco use. Furthermore, they associate seventy-five percent with a combination of tobacco and alcohol use.

In addition, alcohol and tobacco serve as major risk factors for cancers of the head and neck. Moreover, researchers believe that some risk factors, such as smoking and excessive alcohol use, damage the DNA of cells, ultimately causing these cancers.

Smoking

Researchers link all tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff), to head and neck cancer. Moreover, consuming any type of alcohol, such as beer, wine, or liquor, also raises the risk of developing cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box.

DNA

DNA is the chemical in each of our cells that makes up our genes. the instructions for how our cells function. We usually look like our parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects more than how we look. Some genes have instructions for controlling when cells grow and divide into new cells.

Genes

In fact genes that help cells grow and divide are called oncogenes. Genes that slow down cell division or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes. Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes.

DNA Mutations

Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that greatly increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the larynx or hypopharynx.

Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke. An acquired change in the p16 tumor suppressor gene seems to be important in laryngeal and hypo-pharyngeal cancres.

although not all these cancres have this change. Several different gene changes are probably needed for cancer to develop, and not all of these changes are understood at this time.

Inhertited Mutations

Inherited mutations of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes rarely cause these cancers, but some people seem to inherit a reduced ability to detoxify (break down) certain types of cancer-causing chemicals. These people are more sensitive to the cancer causing effects of tobacco smoke, alcohol, and certain industrial chemicals. Researchers are developing tests that may help identify such people, but these tests are not yet reliable enough for routine use.

Some forms of human papillomavirus (HPV) are important causes of some throat cancer (including cancers of the hypopharynx).

Occupational Exposure

Occupational exposures, or being exposed to certain substances while on the job, can increase the risk of getting head and neck cancres in the nasopharynx. Working in the construction, textile, ceramic, logging, and food processing industries can cause people to be exposed to substances like wood dust, formaldehyde, asbestos, nickel, and other chemicals which can cause cancer.

An infection with the Epstein-Barr virus Epstein-Barr virus, a cause of infectious mononucleosis and other illnesses, can raise the risk of cancers in the nose, behind the nose, and cancers of the salivary glands.

Radiation treatments to the head and neck can cause head and neck cancers.

About twice as many men as women get head and neck  cancers. They are more likely to be diagnosed in people who are over 50 years of age.

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is, indeed a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Specifically, aamples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Moreover, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Additionally, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In particular, critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Moreover, patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Specifically, Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Therefore, please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Customized Collections

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens. Furthermore; we offer special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols. Additionally you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

 

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