Bay Biosciences provides fresh frozen (-80°) high quality, clinical grade tumor tissue samples with matching frozen (cryogenically preserved) sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples processed from patient’s whole-blood from unique advance stage untreated Head and Neck cancer patients.
Head and Neck Cancer Overview
Head and neck cancers usually begin in the squamous cells that line the moist, mucosal surfaces inside the head and neck, e.g. inside the mouth, the nose, and the throat. They can be cancerous or noncancerous (benign). Because of their location, head and neck tumors and treatment-related side effects may impair patients’ ability to eat, swallow and breathe.
Head and neck cancer is a general term used to describes the diverse group of malignant tumors that can occur in the head and neck region. Examples include:
Benign (noncancerous) growths can also form in the head and neck region, examples include parathyroid tumors and salivary gland tumors.
Most of the head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, or cancers that begin in the lining of the mouth, nose and throat. These squamous cell cancers are often referred to as squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancers of the head and neck are further categorized by the area of the head or neck in which they begin. Head and neck cancers can spread quickly to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body, including the lungs.
Oral Cavity Cancer: Includes the lips, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the gums, the lining inside the cheeks and lips, the floor or bottom of the mouth under the tongue, the hard palate the bony top of the mouth, and the small area of the gum behind the wisdom teeth.
Pharyngeal Cancer: the cancer that develops in the pharynx or the throat which is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and leads to the esophagus. pharynx has three parts, the nasopharynx which is the upper part of the pharynx, behind the nose, the oropharynx which is the middle part of the pharynx, including the soft palate or the back of the mouth, the base of the tongue, and the tonsils and the hypopharynx which is the lower part of the pharynx.
Laryngeal Cancer: The cancer that develops in the larynx, which is also known as the voice-box, is a short passageway formed by cartilage just below the pharynx in the neck. The larynx contains the vocal cords. It also has a small piece of tissue, called the epiglottis, which moves to cover the larynx to prevent food from entering the air passages.
Cancer of Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity: The cancer that develops in paranasal sinuses which are small hollow spaces in the bones of the head surrounding the nose. The nasal cavity is the hollow space inside the nose.
Cancer of the Salivary glands: The cancer that develops in the salivary glands, the major salivary glands are located in the floor of the mouth and near the jawbone. The salivary glands produce saliva.
Signs and Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer
Signs and Symptoms of Head and Neck cancer depends on the affected area of the head and neck, different parts of the head and neck where cancer develops have different symptoms. Following are some of the signs and symptoms defined according to the area where cancer occurs:
Cancer in the mouth, cancer can cause:
- A white or red sore that does not heal on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth
- Swelling in the jaw
- Unusual bleeding or pain in the mouth
- A lump or thickening
- Problems with dentures
- Numbness or paralysis of the muscles in the face
Cancer at the back of the mouth (pharynx) can cause:
- Trouble breathing or speaking
- A lump or thickening
- A lump or sore that does not heal
- Trouble chewing or swallowing food
- A feeling that something is caught in the throat
- Pain in the throat that won’t go away
- Coughing that won’t go away
- Pain or ringing in the ears or trouble hearing
- Pain in the face, chin, neck or throat that does not go away
Cancer In the voice box (larynx) can cause:
Cancer in the sinuses and nasal cavity, cancer can cause:
- Blocked sinuses that don’t clear
- Sinus infections that do not respond to treatment with antibiotics
- Bleeding through the nose
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Pain and swelling around the eyes.
- Pain in the upper teeth.
- Problems with dentures
- Sinuses that are blocked and do not clear
Causes of Head and Neck Cancer
The causes of Head and Neck cancer are unknown, however many risk factors many of the risk factors are believed to cause these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer.
Eighty-five percent of head and neck cancers are linked to tobacco use, and 75 percent are associated with a combination of tobacco and alcohol use. Alcohol and tobacco are major risk factors for cancers of the head and neck. Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as smoking and excessive alcohol use cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the larynx and hypopharynx.
All tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff, or a type of chewing tobacco called betel quid) are linked to head and neck cancer (except for salivary gland cancers). Drinking any type of alcohol, such as beer, wine, or liquor, also raises the risk of getting cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box.
DNA is the chemical in each of our cells that makes up our genes, the instructions for how our cells function. We usually look like our parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects more than how we look. Some genes have instructions for controlling when cells grow and divide into new cells. Genes that help cells grow and divide are called oncogenes. Genes that slow down cell division or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes. Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes.
Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that greatly increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited gene mutations are not believed to cause very many cancers of the larynx or hypopharynx.
Gene changes related to these cancers usually happen during life, rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations often result from exposure to cancer-causing chemicals, like those found in tobacco smoke. An acquired change in the p16 tumor suppressor gene seems to be important in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, although not all these cancers have this change. Several different gene changes are probably needed for cancer to develop, and not all of these changes are understood at this time.
Inherited mutations mutations of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes rarely cause these cancers, but some people seem to inherit a reduced ability to detoxify (break down) certain types of cancer-causing chemicals. These people are more sensitive to the cancer-causing effects of tobacco smoke, alcohol, and certain industrial chemicals. Researchers are developing tests that may help identify such people, but these tests are not yet reliable enough for routine use.
Some forms of human papillomavirus (HPV) are important causes of some throat cancers (including cancers of the hypopharynx). The outlook for people with these cancers appears to be better than for people whose cancers are the result of tobacco or alcohol use. About 70% of cancers in the oropharynx (which includes the tonsils, soft palate, and base of the tongue) are linked to human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus.
Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, such as exposure to the sun or artificial UV rays like tanning beds, is a major cause of cancer on the lips.
Occupational exposures, or being exposed to certain substances while on the job, can increase the risk of getting head and neck cancers in the nasopharynx. Working in the construction, textile, ceramic, logging, and food processing industries can cause people to be exposed to substances like wood dust, formaldehyde, asbestos, nickel, and other chemicals which can cause cancer.
An infection with the Epstein-Barr virus Epstein-Barr virus, a cause of infectious mononucleosis and other illnesses, can raise the risk of cancers in the nose, behind the nose, and cancers of the salivary glands.
Radiation treatments to the head and neck can cause head and neck cancers.
About twice as many men as women get head and neck cancers. They are more likely to be diagnosed in people who are over 50 years of age.
Detailed clinical data and pathology annotations including Head and Neck cancer patient’s corresponding diagnostic test values associated with the sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for diagnostics, research, development and drug discovery.
Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens and human bio-fluid collections from cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma cancer PBMC and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.
Bay Biosciences maintains and manages it’s own bio-repository, human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types. Our biobank procures and stores fully consented, deidentified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.
All our human human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed samples associated patient’s clinical data. This critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers and genetic information. Patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, other therapeutic areas and diseases. This clinical information is critical to demonstrate their impact, monitor the safety of medicines, testing & diagnostics, and generate new knowledge about the causes of disease and illness.
Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples including cryogenically preserved -80°C, fresh, fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, FFPE’s, tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC’s.
Bay Biosciences specializes in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the researchers specified requirements and customized, tailor made collection protocols. Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.
Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors; including peripheral whole-blood, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), sputum, pleural effusion, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum (sera), plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC’s), saliva, Buffy coat, urine, stool samples, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, kidney stones, renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis and other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer. We can also procure most human bio-specimens and can do special collections and requests of human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB approved clinical protocols and procedures.
In addition to the standard processing protocols Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols, you can buy donor specific sample collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquoting from us. Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors, volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.
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