Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade, FFPE tissue block samples with matched K2EDTA plasma, sera (serum) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) breast cancer patients.
The K2EDTA plasma, sera (serum) and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) breast cancer patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) Overview
Invasive ductal carcinoma, also known as infiltrating ductal carcinoma or IDC, is the most common form of breast cancer, accounting for 80% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the world.
Breast ducts are the passageways where milk from the milk glands (lobules) flows to the nipple. Invasive means the cancer has spread into surrounding breast tissues. Ductal means the cancer started in the milk ducts, the tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple.
Invasive ductal carcinoma is cancer (carcinoma) that happens when abnormal cells growing in the lining of the milk ducts change and invade breast tissue beyond the walls of the duct.
Once that happens, the cancer cells can spread. They can break into the lymph nodes or bloodstream, where they can travel to other organs and areas in the body, resulting in metastatic breast cancer.
According to the America Cancer Society (ACS) estimates, around 287,850 new cases of invasive breast cancer to be diagnosed in women in 2022, most of which are expected to be IDC.
Signs and Symptoms of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
In most of the cases, invasive ductal carcinoma causes no symptoms and is found after a doctor sees a suspicious area on a screening mammogram. In other cases, the patient or your doctor may feel a lump or mass in your breast.
Any of the following changes in the breast can be a first sign of invasive ductal carcinoma: swelling of all or part of the breast skin irritation skin dimpling, sometimes looking like an orange peel breast or nipple pain nipple turning inward (retraction) nipple discharge, other than breast milk redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin a lump or swelling in the underarm area.
Following some of the signs of invasive ductal carcinoma and other breast cancers:
- Changes in the appearance of the nipple or breast that are different from your normal monthly changes
- Dimpling or retraction of the skin of the breast or the nipple
- Localized persistent breast pain
- Lump in the breast
- Swelling or change in the shape of the breast
- Nipple discharge, other than breast milk
- Scaly or flaky skin on the nipple or an ulceration (sore) on the skin of the breast or nipple. These can be signs of Paget’s disease, a different kind of breast cancer that can occur along with IDC.
- Lumps in the underarm area
- Thickening or redness of the skin of the breast
Types of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
Medullary ductal carcinoma accounts for only 3% to 5% of breast cancers. It may appear on a mammogram, and it does not always feel like a lump; rather, it can feel like an abnormally spongy area in the breast tissue.
Mucinous ductal carcinoma is also called colloid breast cancer. It develops when cancer cells within the milk duct of the breast produce mucous, which also contains breast cancer cells. The cells and mucous combine to form a tumor. Pure mucinous ductal carcinoma tends to grow slowly and has a better prognosis than some other types of IDCs.
Papillary carcinoma forms finger-like projections (papules) that can be seen under a microscope. Many papillary tumors are benign, but even those that become cancerous are usually very treatable with a good prognosis. Papillary carcinoma most commonly occurs in patients older than 60.
Tubular ductal carcinoma is a rare diagnosis of IDC, comprising only 2% of breast cancer diagnoses. The name comes from how the cancer looks under the microscope, like hundreds of tiny tubes. Tubular breast cancer has an excellent prognosis.
Diagnosis of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
Following diagnostic tests can help your doctor identify and diagnose invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC):
Physical Exam: Manual examination of the patient’s breasts by the doctor can detect lumps and other changes. If your doctor feels a lump or thickening, he or she may recommend further tests to rule out IDC.
Biopsy: A breast biopsy involves taking a sample of breast tissue from a suspicious area and sending it to a laboratory for microscopic examination by a pathologist, a doctor who specializes in identifying signs of disease. A biopsy can confirm or rule out the presence of cancer and, if cancer is present, reveal its characteristics.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Breast MRI uses a large magnet, radio waves and a computer that can detect small breast lesions and may be especially useful in examining patients with a high risk of breast cancer, such as those with BRCA1, BRCA2 or other gene mutations associated with cancer.
Digital Mammography: This is an improved method for breast imaging that is performed much like a regular mammogram. However, it is better than conventional mammography in detecting cancer in younger patients and in those with dense breast tissue. Electronic images can be enhanced with computer-aided detection systems to spot masses, calcifications and abnormalities associated with cancer.
Ultrasound: Breast ultrasound uses sound waves to examine the breast tissue and gauge blood flow. It is safe for examining pregnant patient’s and does not use radiation.
Stages of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
The stage of invasive ductal carcinoma is determined by the cancer’s characteristics, such as how large it is and whether or not it has hormone receptors.
The stage of the cancer helps you and your doctor:
- Figure out the prognosis, which is the likely outcome of the disease
- Decide on the best treatment options
- Determine if certain clinical trials may be a good option for the patient
Invasive ductal carcinoma stages
Generally, the stage of invasive ductal carcinoma is described as a number on a scale of I through IV.
- Stages I, II, and III describe early-stage cancers
- Cancers of stage IV describes that the cancer have spread outside the breast to other parts of the body, such as the bones or liver
If invasive ductal carcinoma has been diagnosed, your doctor does more tests to collect information on the cancer’s characteristics. These tests, as well as the results of the biopsy, make up the parts of the pathology report.
Information commonly collected as part of a pathology report includes the following:
- Size of the breast cancer
- Nottingham grade of the cancer
- Tumor necrosis tumor margins
- Lymphovascular invasion
- Lymph node status
- Hormone receptor status
- HER2 status
- Rate of cell growth (Ki-67 levels)
Treatment of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
The treatment of invasive ductal breast carcinoma is not one size fits all. A doctor will consider several factors in putting together an individualized treatment plan for the patient, including how advanced the cancer is and the characteristics of the tumor or tumors.
The biopsy sample can reveal how the tumor is likely to respond to various therapies. For example, analysis may reveal the presence of certain proteins on the cells’ surface, such as human epidermal growth factor 2, or HER2 or hormone receptors for estrogen or progesterone.
These characteristics can indicate tumors that can be treated with hormone therapy.
Types of Available Treatments for Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Treatments for invasive ductal carcinoma may include the following:
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be given before or after the surgery. Your doctor takes the cancer’s characteristics and your medical history into consideration when deciding if chemotherapy is right treatment for the patient’s unique situation.
- Hormonal therapy: If the breast cancer has receptors for the hormone’s estrogen, progesterone, or both, your doctor is likely to recommend hormonal therapy, which is also called anti-estrogen therapy or endocrine therapy. Hormonal therapy drugs work by lowering the amount of estrogen in the body or by blocking the action of estrogen on breast cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy medicines use the body’s immune system to attack cancer cells. The cancer’s characteristics determine if immunotherapy is the right treatment option for the patient.
- Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy is almost always recommended after lumpectomy and may be recommended after mastectomy if the cancer is large or if cancer is found in the lymph nodes.
- Surgery: You and your doctor work together to determine the type of surgery that’s right for you, based on the cancer’s characteristics, your family and medical history, and your preferences.
- Targeted therapy: Targeted therapies are treatments that target specific characteristics of cancer cells, such as a protein that allows the cancer cells to grow in a rapid or abnormal way. Some targeted therapies are antibodies.Antibodies are proteins made naturally by the immune system that find and attack foreign invaders, such as germs that cause infection.
These types of targeted therapies work just like the antibodies made naturally by the immune system and are sometimes called immune targeted therapies.
Types of Surgery for Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
Breast cancer treatment has evolved to offer patients more options. In addition to removing breast cancer, new aesthetic surgical approaches can enhance well-being and lessen the emotional impact of losing all or part of a breast to cancer.
Surgery for IDC may include one of the following procedures:
- Lumpectomy: In this procedure a part of the breast is removed. It is also known as breast-conserving surgery. Lumpectomy may be followed by radiation treatments to destroy any remaining cancer cells.
- Mastectomy: In this procedure the entire breast is removed. Mastectomy is a treatment for patients with multiple, very aggressive, or large invasive ductal tumors. It can be followed by breast reconstruction.
Non-Surgical Treatment Options for Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
Following are types of nonsurgical treatment options for breast invasive ductal carcinoma:
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
- Hormone therapy
- Biologic or targeted therapy
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