Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade, Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration FFPE tumor tissue blocks bio-specimens and matched cryogenically preserved sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from patients diagnosed with Myelofibrosis.
The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from myelofibrosis patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols. The myelofibrosis biopsy tumor tissue and matched biofluid samples are collected from unique patients diagnosed with myelofibrosis and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery and drug development.
Detailed clinical data, patients history, symptoms, complete blood count (CBC), serology, MRI, biopsy tumor tissue, histopathology information, elevated biomarker levels, genetic and metabolic information associated with myelofibrosis specimens is provided to a valued customer for research, development and drug discovery.
The myelofibrosis sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid are processed from patients peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Myelofibrosis (MF) Overview
Myelofibrosis (MF) is a rare type of bone marrow cancer that disrupts the body’s normal production of blood cells. In myelofibrosis abnormal blood cells and fibers build up in the bone marrow. It’s part of a group of blood cancers called myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). These conditions cause the bone marrow cells to stop developing and functioning the way they should, resulting in fibrous scar tissue.
Myelofibrosis can be primary, meaning it occurs on its own, or secondary, meaning it results from another condition, usually one that affects the bone marrow. Other myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) can also progress to Myelofibrosis (MF). While some people can go years without having symptoms, others have symptoms that get worse due to scarring in their bone marrow.
Myelofibrosis causes extensive scarring in the bone marrow, leading to severe anemia that can cause weakness and fatigue. It can also cause a low number of blood-clotting cells called platelets, which increases the risk of bleeding. Myelofibrosis often causes an enlarged spleen. Myelofibrosis is considered to be a chronic leukemia, a cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues in the body. Myelofibrosis belongs to a group of diseases called myeloproliferative disorders.
Some patients with myelofibrosis have no symptoms and might not need treatment right away. Others with more-serious forms of the disease might need aggressive treatments right away. Treatment for myelofibrosis, which focuses on relieving symptoms, can involve a variety of options.
Signs and Symptoms of Myelofibrosis (MF)
Myelofibrosis (MF) usually develops slowly. In its very early stages, many patients don’t experience signs or symptoms. However, as it progresses and starts to interfere with blood cell production.
Following are the common signs and symptoms of myelofibrosis (MF):
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breath, due to a low red blood cell count
- Bruising or bleeding easily (Thrombocytopenia)
- Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)
- Feeling pain or fullness on your left side, below your ribs, due to an enlarged spleen
- Frequent infections, due to a low white blood cell count (Neutropenia)
- Itchy skin
- Night sweats, excessive sweating during sleep
- Fever
- Bone and joint pain
- Loss of appetite and weight loss
- Nosebleeds or bleeding gums
Causes of Myelofibrosis (MF)
Myelofibrosis is associated with a genetic mutation in bone marrow stem cells. However, researchers aren’t sure what causes this mutation. When the mutated cells replicate and divide, they pass the mutation on to new blood cells. Eventually, the mutated cells overtake the bone marrow’s ability to produce healthy blood cells. This usually results in too few red blood cells and too many white blood cells. It also causes scarring and hardening of the bone marrow, which is usually soft and spongy. Researchers theorize that mutated hematopoietic stem cells may change the environment of the bone marrow by releasing chemicals that can cause the spongy bone marrow to become scarred (fibrous).
Myelofibrosis occurs when bone marrow stem cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. The stem cells have the ability to replicate and divide into the multiple specialized cells that make up the blood, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. As the mutated blood stem cells replicate and divide, they pass along the mutations to the new cells. As more and more of these mutated cells are created, they begin to have serious effects on blood production. The end result is usually a lack of red blood cells which causes the anemia characteristic of myelofibrosis and an overabundance of white blood cells with varying levels of platelets. In patients with myelofibrosis, the normally spongy bone marrow becomes scarred.
Several specific gene mutations have been identified in patients with myelofibrosis. The most common is the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene. Knowing whether the JAK2 gene or others are associated with your myelofibrosis helps determine your prognosis and your treatment.
Risk Factors of Myelofibrosis (MF)
Although the cause of myelofibrosis often isn’t known, following are some of the known factors that may increase the risk of developing myelofibrosis:
- Age: Myelofibrosis can affect anyone, but it’s mostly diagnosed in patients over the age of 50 years
- Another blood cell disorder: A small portion of patients with myelofibrosis develop the condition as a complication of essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera
- Exposure to certain chemicals: Myelofibrosis has been linked to exposure to industrial chemicals such as toluene and benzene
- Exposure to radiation: Patients exposed to very high levels of radiation have an increased risk of myelofibrosis
Complications of Myelofibrosis (MF)
Following complications may result from myelofibrosis:
- Increased pressure on blood flowing into your liver: Normally, blood flow from the spleen enters the liver through a large blood vessel called the portal vein. Increased blood flow from an enlarged spleen can lead to high blood pressure in the portal vein (portal hypertension). This in turn can force excess blood into smaller veins in your stomach and esophagus, potentially causing these veins to rupture and bleed.
- Pain: A severely enlarged spleen can cause abdominal pain and back pain.
- Growths in other areas of your body: Formation of blood cells outside the bone marrow (extramedullary hematopoiesis) may create clumps (tumors) of developing blood cells in other areas of your body. These tumors may cause problems such as bleeding in the gastrointestinal system, coughing or spitting up of blood, compression of the spinal cord, or seizures.
- Bleeding complications: As the disease progresses, your platelet count tends to drop below normal (thrombocytopenia) and platelet function becomes impaired. An insufficient number of platelets can lead to easy bleeding.
- Acute leukemia: Some patients with myelofibrosis eventually develop acute myelogenous leukemia, a type of blood and bone marrow cancer that progresses rapidly.
Diagnosis of Myelofibrosis (MF)
Myelofibrosis (MF) usually shows up on a routine complete blood count (CBC). Patients with myelofibrosis (MF) tend to have very low levels of red blood cells and unusually high or low levels of white blood cells and platelets. Based on the results of your CBC test, your doctor might also do bone marrow biopsy. This involves taking a small sample of your bone marrow and looking at it more closely for signs of myelofibrosis (MF), such as scarring. You may also need an X-ray or MRI scan to rule out any other potential causes of your symptoms or CBC results.
Following are some of the Tests and procedures used to diagnose myelofibrosis (MF):
- Physical Exam: Your doctor will perform a physical exam. This includes a check of vital signs, such as pulse and blood pressure, as well as checks of your lymph nodes, spleen and abdomen.
- Blood Tests: In myelofibrosis (MF), a complete blood count typically shows abnormally low levels of red blood cells, a sign of anemia common in patients with myelofibrosis (MF). White blood cell and platelet counts are usually abnormal, too. Often, white blood cell levels are higher than normal, although in some patients they may be normal or even lower than normal. Platelet counts may be higher or lower than normal.
- Imaging Tests: Imaging tests, such as X-rays and MRI, may be used to gather more information about the myelofibrosis (MF).
- Bone Marrow Examination: Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration can confirm a diagnosis of myelofibrosis. In a bone marrow biopsy, a needle is used to draw a sample of hardened bone marrow from the hipbone. During the same procedure, another type of needle may be used to withdraw a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow. The samples are studied in a laboratory to determine the numbers and types of cells found.
- Genetic Tests: A sample of your blood or bone marrow may be analyzed in a laboratory to look for gene mutations in your blood cells that are associated with myelofibrosis (MF).
Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens and human bio-fluid collections from cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma cancer PBMC and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.
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