Nephrolithiasis Renal Calculi Samples

Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade bio-samples, kidney stones (renal calculi) samples, sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid specimens from patients diagnosed with Nephrolithiasis renal disease. The sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples are processed from patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized processing protocols. The Nephrolithiasis renal disease kidney stones (renal calculi) bio-specimens are collected from unique patients diagnosed with Nephrolithiasis renal disease and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for diagnostics, research, discovery and development.

Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis Renal Calculi) Overview

Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is a disease affecting the urinary tract. Kidney stones are small deposits that build up in the kidneys, made of calcium, phosphate and other components of foods. They are a common cause of blood in urine. Kidney stones also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones. Kidney stones can form in any part of the urinary tract, from the kidneys to the bladder. Often, stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.

Passing kidney stones can be quite painful, but the stones usually cause no permanent damage if they are diagnosed early. Depending on the individual situation, you may need nothing more than to take pain medication and drink lots of water to pass a kidney stone. In other instances, if stones become lodged in the urinary tract, are associated with a urinary infection and can cause several complications and surgery may be required to remove the kidney stones.

Kidney stones are common, about 5% of women and 10% of men will have at least one episode by the age of 70. Kidney stones affect about 2 out of every 1,000 people. Recurrence is common, and the risk of recurrence is greater if two or more episodes of kidney stones occur. Some types of stones tend to run in families. Some types may be associated with other conditions such as bowel disease, ileal bypass for obesity, or renal tubule defects. A personal or family history of stones is associated with increased risk of stone formation. Other risk factors include renal tubular acidosis and resultant nephrocalcinosis.

Kidney stone formation may result when the urine becomes overly concentrated with certain substances. These substances in the urine may complex to form small crystals and subsequently stones. Stones may not produce symptoms until they begin to move down the ureter, causing pain. The pain is severe and often starts in the flank region and moves down to the groin. The size of the renal stone will dictate the natural history of this condition.

If the stone is less the 5mm in diameter, then it will most likely pass on future urination. If the stone is larger than 5mm, urological procedures may be required to remove the stone. Surgical intervention will be required in any patient whose urinary tract in completely obstructed. This situations represents a surgical emergency.

Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis Renal Calculi) Symptoms

A kidney stone usually will not cause symptoms until it moves around within the kidney or passes into the ureters, the tubes connecting the kidneys and the bladder. If it becomes lodged in the ureters, it may block the flow of urine and cause the kidney to swell and the ureter to spasm, which can be very painful. Symptoms of renal stone disease may include:

Severe, sharp pain in the side and back, below the ribs
Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity
Pain or burning sensation while urinating

Other signs and symptoms may include:

Pain– Unilateral or bilateral flank or back pain, which is normally severe and colicky (spasm-like) in nature, radiating to the pelvis, groin and/or genitals.
Fever and chills (if an infection is present)
Nausea
Vomiting
Urinary frequency/urgency
Hematuria (blood in urine)
Pink, red or brown urine
Abdominal pain
Dysuria (painful urination)
Nocturia (excessive urination at night)
Urinary hesitancy
Abnormal urine color, cloudy and foul smelling urine
A persistent need to urinate, urinating more often than usual or urinating in small amounts

Pain caused by a kidney stone may change for instance, shifting to a different location or increasing in intensity, as the stone moves through your urinary tract.

Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis Renal Calculi) Causes

Kidney stones often have no definite, single cause, although several factors may increase the risk. Kidney stones usually form when the urine contains more crystal-forming substances such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid, diluting the fluid in urine. At the same time, the urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for kidney stones to form.

Types of Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis Renal Calculi)

Types of kidney stones include:

Calcium Stones: Most kidney stones are calcium stones, usually in the form of calcium oxalate. Oxalate is a substance made daily by the liver or absorbed from your diet. Certain fruits (berries, oranges) and vegetables (beans, beets, spinach, sweat potatoes) as well as nuts and chocolate, have high oxalate content.Dietary factors, high doses of vitamin D, intestinal bypass surgery and several metabolic disorders can increase the concentration of calcium or oxalate in urine. Calcium stones may also occur in the form of calcium phosphate. This type of stone is more common in metabolic conditions, such as renal tubular acidosis. It may also be associated with certain medications used to treat migraines or seizures.
Struvite Stones: Struvite stones form in response to a urinary tract infection. These stones can grow quickly and become quite large, sometimes with few symptoms or little warning.
Uric Acid Stones: Uric acid stones can form in people who lose too much fluid because of chronic diarrhea or malabsorption, those who eat a high-protein diet, and those with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Certain genetic factors also may increase your risk of uric acid stones.
Cystine Stones: These stones form in people with a hereditary disorder called cystinuria that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of a specific amino acid.

Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis Renal Calculi) Risk Factors

Risk factors that increase developing kidney stones include:

Family or Personal history: If someone in your family has had kidney stones, you’re more likely to develop stones, too. If you’ve already had one or more kidney stones, you’re at increased risk of developing another.
Dehydration: Not drinking enough water each day can increase the risk of developing kidney stones. People who live in warm, dry climates and those who sweat a lot may be at higher risk than others.
Certain Diets: Eating a diet that’s high in protein, sodium (salt) and sugar may increase the risk of some types of kidney stones. This is especially true with a high-sodium diet, too much salt the diet increases the amount of calcium your kidneys must filter and significantly increases your risk of kidney stones.
Obesity: High body mass index (BMI), large waist size and weight gain have been linked to an increased risk of kidney stones.
Digestive Diseases and Surgery: Gastric bypass surgery, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or chronic diarrhea can cause changes in the digestive process that affect your absorption of calcium and water, increasing the amounts of stone-forming substances in the urine.
Other medical conditions such as renal tubular acidosis, cystinuria, hyperparathyroidism and repeated urinary tract infections also can increase the risk of kidney stones.
Certain supplements and medications, such as vitamin C, dietary supplements, laxatives (when used excessively), calcium-based antacids, and certain medications used to treat migraines or depression, can increase the risk of kidney stones.

Knowing the type of kidney stones helps analyze and determine its cause, and may give clues on how to reduce the risk of getting more kidney stones.

Detailed clinical data, physical exam reports, CT,/MRI scans, urine, blood tests, elevated biomarker levels, histopathological findings, annotations associated with the Nephrolithiasis renal disease patient’s specimens is provided to a valued customer for diagnostics, research, development and drug discovery. The Nephrolithiasis renal disease kidney stones (renal calculi) samples and matched sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid samples are processed from patients peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols provided by the researcher.

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