NSCLC Serum/Plasma Samples for Research

Bay Biosciences provides  fresh frozen tissue samples, serum (sera), plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples and matching FFPE tumor tissue blocks from unique Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients.

NSCLC Overview

Lung cancer starts in the lungs. specifically non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) occurs when malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the lung. Moreover, over 85% of lung cancer cases are Non-small Cell Lung cancer (NSCLC).

According to the world health organization (WHO), an estimated 1.8 million people received a diagnosis of lung cancer, resulting in 1.6 million deaths. Furthermore, several types of non-small cell lung cancer exist.

In particular, the main subtypes of NSCLC include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.

These subtypes, which originate from different types of lung cells, group together as NSCLC because their treatment and prognoses often resemble each other.

Risk Factors

In addition, smoking poses the major risk factor for non-small cell lung cancer. Consequently, signs of non-small cell lung cancer include shortness of breath, fever, and a persistent cough that doesn’t go away.

NSCLC begins when healthy cells in the lung change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor, a lesion, or a nodule. A lung tumor can begin anywhere in the lung.

Specifically, a tumor can be cancerous or benign. Furthermore, once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may shed cancer cells.

Consequently, these cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. Moreover, lymph flows through tubes called lymphatic vessels that drain into collecting stations called lymph nodes.

Lymph Nodes

In addition, lymph nodes are the small, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection. Notably, they are located in the lungs, the center of the chest, and elsewhere in the body.

As a result, the natural flow of lymph out of the lungs moves toward the center of the chest, which explains why lung cancer often spreads there first.

First when a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, this is known as metastasis.

Types of NSCLC

Doctors must distinguish between lung cancer that begins in the squamous cells and lung cancer that begins in other cells. Furthermore, they use this information to determine treatment options.

In addition, the medical team determines the type of NSCLC based on the way the cancer looks under a microscope.

Following are the different types of NSCLC are:

  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Large cell carcinoma
  • NSCLC-NOS (not otherwise specified) or NSCLC undifferentiated

Signs and Symptoms of NSCLC

Following are the common signs and symptoms of NSCLC:

NSCLC spreads anywhere in the body through a process called metastasis.It most commonly spreads to the lymph nodes, other parts of the lungs, bones, brain, liver, and structures near the kidneys called the adrenal glands.NSCLC metastases can cause:

Symptoms such as fatigue, fever, pain, cough, feeling sick, and loss of appetite do not necessarily originate from metastases.

Cancer anywhere in the body can make a person feel unwell in a general way.

Loss of appetite can lead to weight loss and muscle loss.Fatigue and weakness can further impair a person’s ability to breathe.

Muscle loss also contributes to weakness and loss of mobility.

Once doctors diagnose the cancer, they prioritize relieving symptoms as an important part of cancer care and treatment. They often start this process soon after the cancer diagnosis and continue it throughout treatment.

Causes of NSCLC

Researchers do not know the exact causes of developing lung cancer. But they know many of the risk factors for developing lung cancers and how some of them cause cells to become cancerous.

Smoking

Smoking leads to lung cancer more than any other cause. About 80% of lung cancer deaths result from smoking, and many others result from exposure to secondhand smoke.

Smoking clearly serves as the strongest risk factor for lung cancer, but it often interacts with other factors.

Smokers who are exposed to other known risk factors such as radon and asbestos face an even higher risk.Not everyone who smokes develops lung cancer, so other factors like genetics likely play a role as well.

Causes in non-smokers

Not all patients who develop lung cancer smoke. Many former smokers have lung cancer, but many others never smoked at all.

It is rare for doctors to diagnose someone who has never smoked with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), but it can happen.

Exposure to radon, secondhand smoke, air pollution, or other factors can cause lung cancer in non-smokers.

Workplace exposures to asbestos, diesel or exhaust, or certain other chemicals can also cause lung cancers in some people who don’t smoke.

Lung cancers in non-smokers often differ from those that smokers develop. Younger people tend to experience these cancers and often have certain gene changes that differ from those found in tumors of smokers.In some cases, doctors can use these gene changes to guide treatment.

Gene changes that may lead to lung cancer

 

Researchers understand how some risk factors for lung cancer can cause certain changes in the DNA of lung cells.

These changes can lead to abnormal cell growth and, sometimes, cancer.

The chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function, is DNA.DNA, which comes from both our parents, affects more than just how we look.

It also can influence our risk for developing certain diseases, including some kinds of cancer.

Some genes help control when cells grow, divide to make new cells, and die:

  • Genes that help cells grow, divide, or stay alive are called oncogenes.
  • Additionally, genes that help control cell division or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes.

Cancer can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause lung cancer.

Inherited gene changes

Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents that greatly increase their risk for developing certain cancers. But inherited mutations alone are not thought to cause many lung cancers.

Still, genes do seem to play a role in some families with a history of lung cancer. For example, people who inherit certain DNA changes in a particular chromosome 6 are more likely to develop lung cancer, even if they don’t smoke or only smoke a little.

Some people seem to inherit a reduced ability to break down or get rid of certain types of cancer-causing chemicals in the body, such as those found in tobacco smoke. This could put them at higher risk for lung cancer.

Other people inherit faulty DNA repair mechanisms that make it more likely they will end up with DNA changes. People with DNA repair enzymes that don’t work normally might be especially vulnerable to cancer causing chemicals and radiation.

Some non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) make too much of the EGFR protein (which comes from an abnormal EGFR gene). This specific gene change is seen more often with adenocarcinoma of the lung in young, non-smoking. Asian women, but the excess EGFR protein has also been seen in more than 60% of metastatic NSCLCs.

Acquired gene changes

Gene changes related to lung cancer are usually acquired during life rather than inherited.

Acquired mutations in lung cells often result from exposure to factors in the environment, such as cancer causing chemicals in tobacco smoke. But some gene changes may just be random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

Acquired changes in certain genes, such as the RB1 tumor suppressor gene, are thought to be important in the development of SCLC.

Acquired changes in genes such as the p16 tumor suppressor gene and the K-RAS oncogene, are thought to be important in the development of NSCLC.

Changes in the TP53 tumor suppression gene and to chromosome 3 can be seen in both NSCLC and SCLC. Not all lung cancers share the same gene changes, so there are undoubtedly changes in other genes that have not yet been found.

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Samples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Also, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

So this critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Additionally, patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens, special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols; you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

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