Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses beams of intense energy to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy most often uses X-rays, but protons or other types of energy also can be used. The term “radiation therapy” most often refers to external beam radiation therapy. During this type of radiation, the high-energy beams come from a machine outside of patients body that aims the beams at a precise point on the body. During a different type of radiation treatment called brachytherapy, radiation is placed inside the body.
Radiation therapy damages cells by destroying the genetic material that controls how cells grow and divide. While both healthy and cancerous cells are damaged by radiation therapy, the goal of radiation therapy is to destroy as few normal, healthy cells as possible. Normal cells can often repair much of the damage caused by radiation.
Radiation Therapy Procedure
More than half of all people with cancer receive radiation therapy as part of their cancer treatment. Doctors use radiation therapy to treat just about every type of cancer. Radiation therapy is also useful in treating some noncancerous (benign) tumors.
How radiation therapy is used in patients with cancer
Your doctor may suggest radiation therapy as an option at different times during your cancer treatment and for different reasons, including:
- As the only (primary) treatment for cancer
- Before surgery, to shrink a cancerous tumor (neoadjuvant therapy)
- After surgery, to stop the growth of any remaining cancer cells (adjuvant therapy)
- In combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, to destroy cancer cells
- In advanced cancer to alleviate symptoms caused by the cancer
Types of Radiation Therapy
Following are the are two main types of radiation therapy, external beam and internal:
The type of radiation therapy that you may have depends on many factors, including:
- Type of cancer
- Size of the tumor
- Tumor’s location in the body
- How close the tumor is to normal tissues that are sensitive to radiation
- General health and medical history
- Whether you will have other types of cancer treatment
- Other factors, such as the age and other medical conditions
External Beam Radiation Therapy
External beam radiation therapy comes from a machine that aims radiation at your cancer. The machine is large and may be noisy. It does not touch you, but can move around you, sending radiation to a part of your body from many directions. External beam radiation therapy is a local treatment, which means it treats a specific part of your body. For example, if you have cancer in the lung, you will have radiation only to the chest, not to your whole body.
Internal Radiation Therapy
Internal radiation therapy is a treatment in which a source of radiation is put inside the body. The radiation source can be solid or liquid. Internal radiation therapy with a solid source is called brachytherapy. In this type of treatment, seeds, ribbons, or capsules that contain a radiation source are placed in your body, in or near the tumor. Like external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy is a local treatment and treats only a specific part of your body. With brachytherapy, the radiation source in your body will give off radiation for a while.
Internal radiation therapy with a liquid source is called systemic therapy. Systemic means that the treatment travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body, seeking out and killing cancer cells. You receive systemic radiation therapy by swallowing, through a vein, IV or through an injection. With systemic radiation, the body fluids, such as urine, sweat, and saliva, will give off radiation for a while.
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