Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade fresh frozen serum (sera) and plasma samples from patients diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus Type I and Type 2 disease. 

Detailed patients information and clinical data associated with the Diabetes Mellitus Type I and Type 2 disease serum (sera) and plasma are provided to a pharmaceutical customer for research, development and discovery.

Type 2 Diabetes Overview

A person’s body no longer responds to insulin correctly, resulting in type 2 diabetes. Consequently, we call this insulin resistance. After some time, the pancreas produces less and less insulin.

Moreover, insulin regulates the movement of blood glucose, or sugar, into the cells, which use it as energy.

Therefore, when cells cannot take in sugar, too much glucose collects in the blood, and the body cannot use it for energy.

In addition, a doctor may diagnose diabetes if a person’s blood sugar levels reach 126 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) or above after fasting for 8 hours.

Symptoms of Type-2 Diabetes

High blood sugar symptoms in type 2 diabetes tend to appear gradually. Initially, not everyone will notice symptoms in the early stages; however, they may show up over time.

If symptoms do occur, they may include the following:

Frequent urination and increased thirst

Specifically, when too much glucose builds up in the bloodstream, the kidneys cannot reabsorb it. As a result,** the body removes the excess glucose in the urine, taking water from the body with it. Consequently, this can lead to excessive thirst and the need to drink and urinate more.

Weight loss

Furthermore, weight loss can occur. When there is too little insulin, the body may start burning fat and muscle for energy, which results in weight loss.

Fatigue

In addition, fatigue may develop. When cells lack glucose, the body tires. Thus, fatigue can disrupt daily life for a person with type 2 diabetes.

Blurred vision

Moreover, blurry vision is another symptom. Specifically, high blood glucose pulls fluid from the lenses of the eyes, causing swelling and resulting in temporarily blurred vision.

Infections and sores

Additionally, infections and sores may arise. A person may notice itching around the penis or vagina or frequent Candida infections. Indeed, diabetes can cause infections and sores to take longer to resolve due to its impact on blood circulation.

Ultimately, diabetes can lead to several serious complications.

Symptoms in Children and Teens

After the age of 45 years, people are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes; however, children and teens can also be affected if they:

  • Have a high body mass index (BMI) for their age
  • Do not do much physical activity
  • Have high blood pressure
  • Are Black American, Asian American, Hispanic American, or Native American
  • Have a family history of type 2 diabetes

Symptoms will be the same as for adults, as mentioned above.

If a child or teen has these symptoms, they should talk with a doctor. They may be signs of type 2 diabetes but can also indicate type-1 diabetes.

Type 1 is a less common condition, but more likely to affect children and teenagers than adults.

Symptoms in Senior Citizens

In the United States, around 29.2% of people aged 65 and above have type 2 diabetes. Consequently, they may exhibit some or all the classic symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Furthermore, they may also experience one or more of the following:

  • Dental problems, including infections of the mouth and red, inflamed gums
  • Flu-like fatigue, which includes feeling lethargic and chronically weak
  • Numbness and tingling in the hands, arms, legs, and feet due to circulation and nerve damage
  • Urinary tract infections

Skin Symptoms of Type-2 Diabetes

In addition, early skin symptoms can signal diabetes, leading to a range of skin changes that may serve as early warning signs.

For example, these changes may include:

  • Acanthosis nigricans, which presents as areas of darker, velvety skin, especially on the neck, elbows, knees, and knuckles
  • Frequent skin infections
  • Digital sclerosis, where hard, thickening, or swollen skin appears on the hands, possibly spreading to the arms and elsewhere
  • Necrobiosis lipoidica, which manifests as raised patches that may be yellow, red, brown, or darker than the surrounding skin and may become swollen and hard
  • Painless blisters that appear suddenly
  • Wounds that take longer to heal

Pre-Diabetes

A person with pre-diabetes will not show any symptoms; however, they will have blood sugar levels of 100–125 mg/dl.

Moreover, their high blood sugar levels do not indicate diabetes. Therefore, taking action at this stage can prevent diabetes from developing.

In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that around 96 million American adults have prediabetes; nevertheless, 80% remain unaware of their condition.

Complications of Type-2 Diabetes

Diabetes may cause a number of health complications if people are unable to manage it. Many are long term, but some need immediate medical attention.

Emergency complications

Emergency complications, in particular, can arise quickly if blood sugar rises or falls too far.

For instance, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose dips below 70 mg/dl.

Specifically, a person who uses insulin may experience this if they take more than they need for a particular time. Additionally, other medications that treat diabetes, such as sulfonylureas, can also cause it.

Consequently, a home blood glucose test can detect hypoglycemia. Therefore, it is vital to know the early signs of hypoglycemia, as it can progress quickly, resulting in seizures and a coma. In the early stages, however, it is easy to treat.

Hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as:

For  instance, if symptoms are mild, a person can often resolve low blood sugar levels by consuming 15 grams (g)  of carbohydrates. 

Specifically, this can be achieved by:

  • 4 ounces of orange juice
  • 4 glucose tablets
  • a tablespoon of honey or sugar

Subsequently, the person should then wait 15 minutes, test their blood sugar, and if necessary, it is still low, repeat the process with another 15 g of carbohydrates.

Once, levels return to above 70 mg/dl, the person should eat a meal, to stabilize their glucose levels.

Moreover, if glucose levels remain low or symptoms worsen, someone should take the person to the emergency room.

In addition, anyone who experiences frequent or severe hypoglycemic episodes should speak with a doctor, as they may need to adjust their treatment plan.

Hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Moreover, if glucose levels remain low or symptoms worsen, someone should take the person to the emergency room.

In addition, anyone who experiences frequent or severe hypoglycemic episodes should speak with a doctor, as they may need to adjust their treatment plan.

On the other hand, if blood sugar levels rise too far, hyperglycemia can occur. Therefore, if a person notices increased thirst and urination, they should check their blood sugar levels.

However, a person should not exercise if their blood glucose levels reach 240 ml/dl or above, as this could indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Moreover, if a person experiences hyperglycemia and does not take action to reduce it, they can develop DKA. In fact, high levels of ketones accumulating in the blood make it too acidic, resulting in DKA. For this reason, the person should also test their ketone levels.

Additionally, ketoacidosis can lead to:

Ketoacidosis can lead to:

  • A dry mouth
  • Coma
  • Difficulty breathing
  • A fruity smell on the breath
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
Consequently, a person experiencing these signs and symptoms should seek immediate medical attention, as DKA can be life-threatening.

Furthermore, people who regularly experience high blood sugar should discuss adjusting their treatment plan with their doctor.

Long-Term Complications

Keeping blood glucose within target levels can prevent long-term complications.

Here are some complications that can arise:

Ultimately, effective management of blood glucose levels can reduce the risk of complications.

Diagnosis of Type-2 Diabetes

A range of blood tests that measure blood glucose levels can help a doctor diagnose type 2 diabetes. **Furthermore**, during a routine screening test, many people find out they have high blood sugar; **however**, anyone who experiences symptoms should consult a doctor.

Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes

Treatment aims to keep blood glucose levels stable at a healthy level and prevent complications. The main ways to do this are through lifestyle measures.

Specifically, these include:

  • Avoiding or quitting smoking
  • Doing physical activity
  • Eating plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables
  • Following a diabetes meal plan agreed with the healthcare team
  • Eating plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables
  • Reaching and maintaining a suitable BMI
  • Getting enough sleep
  • Taking medications or insulin as the doctor recommends
  • Keeping routine doctors appointments and regular blood tests

Additionally, some herbs and supplements may also help.

Outlook

Currently, researchers have not discovered a cure for diabetes; however, lifestyle measures can help most people manage their blood sugar levels and reduce  the risk of complications. If these do not help, then a doctor may prescribe medication.

Moreover, individuals who receive a diagnosis of prediabetes may be able to slow, stop, or even reverse the progress of diabetes.

On the other hand, if a person cannot manage their blood glucose levels, they may face complications. In fact, some of these can be life-threatening.

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is, indeed a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Specifically, aamples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Moreover, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Additionally, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In particular, critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Moreover, patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Specifically, Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Therefore, please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Customized Collections

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens, furthermore; we offer special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols. Additionally you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

 

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