Bay Biosciences provides high-quality biopsy tissue samples, formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks, with matched fresh frozen sera (serum), plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) bio-fluids, from patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTI).
The sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid specimens are processed from patients peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols from urinary tract infections (UTI).
Fresh frozen tissue and matched biofluid samples were, collected from unique patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTI).
Bio-samples are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery, and drug development.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Overview
A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection that can occur in any part of the urinary system, which includes kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra.
Urinary tract infections usually develop from microbes. These are organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, but some are caused by fungi and in rare cases by viruses. UTIs are among the most common infections in humans.
If you’re a woman, your chance of getting a urinary tract infection is high. Some experts rank your lifetime risk of getting one as high as 1 in 2, with many women having repeat infections, sometimes for years. About 1 in 10 men will get a UTI in their lifetime.
UTIs in women are very common; approximately 25% to 40% of women in the United States aged 20-40 years have had a UTI. UTIs account for over 6 million patient visits to physicians per year in the United States.
Your urinary tract is made up of the following organs:
- Bladder
- Urethra
- Kidneys
- Ureters
Most UTIs only involve the bladder and urethra , in the lower tract. However, UTIs can involve the ureters and kidneys, in the upper tract as well. Although upper tract UTIs are rarer than lower tract UTIs, they’re also usually more severe.
Types of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
An infection can happen in different parts of the urinary tract. Each type has a different name, based on where it occurs.
- Cystitis (bladder): In this condition you might feel like you need to urinate a lot, or it might hurt when you urinate. You might also have lower belly pain and cloudy or bloody urine.
- Pyelonephritis (kidneys): This type of UTI can cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the upper back or side.
- Urethritis (urethra): This condition can cause a discharge and burning when you urinate.
Signs and Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infections (UTI) depends on what part of the urinary tract is infected, whether a person is experiencing an upper or lower urinary tract infection.
UTIs in Adults
Lower UTIs affect the bladder or urethra and can cause:
- A frequent need to urinate
- Cloudy, strong-smelling urine that may contain blood
- Feeling unwell, tired, and shaky
- Pain discomfort, or burning sensation when urinating
- A sudden urge to urinate
- The sensation that the bladder is not fully empty
Upper UTIs affect the kidneys and ureters. As well as the symptoms above, they can cause:
- A fever of 100.4ºF (38ºC) or higher
- Chills and shivering
- Confusion
- Agitation
- Fatigue
- Headaches
- Nausea
- Pain in the back and lower abdomen
- Restlessness
- Vomiting
UTIs in Males
Symptoms of an upper tract urinary infection in men are similar to those in women. A recent Japanese research study suggests that males had a higher chance of experiencing symptoms that affect the lower urinary tract. Men with a lower tract UTI may sometimes also experience rectal pain.
UTIs in Females
Women patients with a lower tract urinary infection may experience pelvic pain. This is in addition to the other common symptoms.
UTIs in Children
Additional symptoms in children include:
- A high temperature
- Appearing generally unwell, for example, babies may appear irritable and not feed well
- Vomiting
- Wetting the bed or themselves
UTIs in Older Adults or Individuals with a Catheter
Additional symptoms of UTIs in older adults or those with a urinary catheter include:
- Agitation
- Confusion
- Shaking
- wetting themselves
- Chills and shivering
Causes of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
According to the Urology Care Foundation different bacteria live on the skin or around the rectum and vagina. When the bacteria enter the urethra, it can travel to the bladder.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases notes the body usually flushes out the bacteria before reaching a person’s bladder. However, in some cases, the body is unable to do so, resulting in a urinary tract infection (UTI).
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by a range of pathogens, following are the most common bacteria that causes UTIs:
- Escherichia coli
- Protus mirabilis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
People of any age and sex can develop a UTI. However, some people are more at risk than others.
Anything that reduces your bladder emptying or irritates the urinary tract can lead to a UTI. There are also many factors that can put you at an increased risk of a getting a UTI.
These risk factors include the following:
- A previous UTI
- Kidney Stones
- Old age (Older individuals are more likely to get UTIs)
- Reduced mobility after surgery or prolonged bed rest
- Urinary tract obstructions or blockages, such as:
- Certain types of cancer
- Enlarged prostate
- Kidney Stones
- Abnormally developed urinary structures from birth
- Diabetes
- Long time use of urinary catheters, which may make it easier for bacteria to get into your bladder
- Pregnancy
- Weak immune system
Complications of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
In certain cases, lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) can lead to pyelonephritis. This is a sudden and severe kidney infection.
Symptoms include:
- Burning feeling while urinating
- Chills
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Flank pain
- Frequent urination
- Mental changes
- Nausea
- Shaking
- Urgency to urinate
- Vomiting
If a person suspects they have a kidney infection, they should seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Recurrent or long-lasting kidney infections can cause permanent damage. Some sudden kidney infections can be life threatening, particularly if bacteria enter the bloodstream in a condition known as septicemia.
These can also increase the risk of pregnant women delivering infants prematurely or with a low birth weight.
Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
To confirm a diagnosis of a urinary tract infections (UTIs), your doctor will need to test your urine for microbes and to assess the presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, and bacteria.. Your doctor will also review the symptoms and perform a physical examination.
For patients who have frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs), a doctor may request further diagnostic testing to determine if anatomical or functional issues are the cause. Such tests may include:
- Cystoscopy: This allows the doctor to see inside the bladder and urethra with a camera lens inserted through the urethra via a long thin tube.
- Diagnostic imaging: This involves assessing the urinary tract using ultrasound, CT and MRI scanning, radiation tracking, or X-rays.
- Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): This medical procedure involves injecting a dye into the body that travels through the urinary tract. Then, an X-ray of your abdomen is taken. The dye highlights the urinary tract on the X-ray image.
- Urodynamics: This procedure determines how well the urinary tract stores and releases urine.
If you ever see blood in your urine, you should call your health care provider right away. Blood in the urine may be caused by a UTI but it may also be from another problem in the urinary tract.
Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Antibiotics are typically used to treat urinary tract infections regardless of a patients sex. The type of medication and length of treatment will depend on a patients symptoms and medical history.
Following are some of the commonly used antibiotics:
- Nitrofurantoin
- Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
- Amoxicillin
- Cephalosporins
- Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
- Doxycycline.
- Quinolones (such as ciprofloxacin, Cipro)
Patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) should always complete the full course of treatment to make sure that the infection is fully clear and reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. UTI symptoms can disappear before the infection has completely gone.
To cure a UTI that has occurred due to problems within the urinary system, a doctor will need to diagnose the underlying issue.
If the patient is seriously ill, they may need to be admitted to a hospital to ensure they consume sufficient fluids and receive the correct medication.
UTI patients may also need to go to the hospital if they are:
- An older adult
- Pregnant and are otherwise ill
- Patients who have cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury, or other medical problems
- Have kidney stones (renal calculi) or other changes in their urinary tract
- Recovering from recent urinary tract surgery
To help treat and prevent recurrent UTI infections, your doctor may suggest the following:
- A single daily dose of antibiotics for 6–12 months
- Changing birth control methods
- Prescribe a single dose of antibiotics to take each time a person has sex
Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
There are no home remedies that can cure a UTI, but there are some things that you can do that can help your medication work better.
These home remedies for UTIs, like drinking more water, may help your body clear the infection faster.
Cranberries
Cranberry juice or cranberries don’t treat a UTI once it’s started. However, a certain chemical substance in cranberries may help prevent certain types of bacteria that can cause a bacterial UTI from attaching to the lining of your bladder. This may be helpful in preventing future UTIs.
While cranberries are a popular remedy, the research studies on their effect on UTIs is mixed. More conclusive studies are needed.
Still, the American Urological Association says that clinicians can offer cranberry juice to patients as a way to prevent recurrent UTIs. But they note that there’s a low level of certainty that this will work.
Untreated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
It is very important to treat a urinary tract infection (UTI), the sooner the better. Untreated UTIs become more and more severe the further they spread.
A UTI is usually easiest to treat in the lower urinary tract. An infection that spreads to the upper urinary tract is much more difficult to treat and is more likely to spread into your blood, causing sepsis. This is a life threatening event.
If you suspect that you have a UTI, contact your doctor as soon as possible. A simple examination and urine or blood test could save you a lot of trouble in the long run.
Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Following steps can be taken by individuals to help prevent UTIs:
- Drink six to eight glasses of water daily.
- Don’t hold urine in for long periods of time.
- Talk with your doctor about managing any urinary incontinence or difficulties fully emptying your bladder.
Women patients are much more likely than men to get UTIs. Certain steps may help prevent UTIs in women.
In perimenopausal or postmenopausal women, using topical or vaginal estrogen prescribed by the doctor could make a difference in preventing UTIs.
If your doctor believes that intercourse is a factor of your recurrent UTIs, they may recommend taking preventive antibiotics after sex, or long term.
Some studies have shown that long-term preventive use of antibiotics in older adults reduced the risk for UTIs.
Taking daily cranberry supplements or using vaginal probiotics, like lactobacillus, may also help in the prevention of UTIs. Certain studies suggest that using probiotic vaginal suppositories can decrease the occurrence and recurrence of UTIs, by changing the bacteria found in the vagina.
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Samples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.
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Our biobank procures and stores fully consented, deidentified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.
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This critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.
Patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.
Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.
Including fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.
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Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.
Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:
- Peripheral whole-blood
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- Sputum
- Pleural effusion
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