Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade, tumor tissue samples, FFPE blocks with matched cryogenically preserved K2EDTA plasma, sera (serum) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) patients.

The K2EDTA plasma, sera (serum) and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) tissue blocks and matched biofluid samples are collected from unique patients diagnosed with lymphoma and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery and drug development.


Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL) Overview

PTCLs or peripheral T-cell lymphomas are rare, diverse group of aggressive lymphomas that affect mature T cells. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is classified as a subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). NHL affects two particular types of white blood cells: B-cells and T-cells. PTCL specifically affects T-cells, and results when T-cells develop and grow abnormally. 

“Peripheral” means the cancer has developed from lymphoid tissue outside the thymus.This cancer accounts for 6–10% of all non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) cases. PTCL can affect anyone, although it is slightly more common in male patients ages 60 years and over.


Stages of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL)

Scientists have developed a staging system that helps healthcare professionals know the extent of cancer spread. The Lugano classification consists of four stages, indicated as Roman numerals I–IV. When the lymphoma has affected an organ outside the lymphatic system (extra lymphatic organ), an E is added to the stage, for example, IIE.

Stage I

  • I: The cancer is limited to one lymph node or lymphoid organ.
  • IE: The cancer is only in one area of a single organ outside the lymph system.


Stage II

  • II: The cancer is in two or more lymph nodes in the region of the diaphragm (above or below).
  • IIE: The cancer is in one organ and its regional lymph nodes. It may or may not affect other groups of lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm.


Stage III

  • The cancer is in the lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm (above and below).
  • The cancer is in the lymph nodes found above the diaphragm and in the spleen.


Stage IV

  • The cancer has spread throughout the body outside the lymph system, commonly in the liver, lungs, or bone marrow.

Stages I and II and stage II non-bulky are under limited or localized diseases, while stages III and IV are considered advanced.

Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL)

Usually, the signs and symptoms of PTCL are nonspecific and may overlap other conditions. The disease process usually appears late and in aggressive stages.

While PTCL can have a wide range of signs and symptoms, it usually affects lymph nodes. A common sign of PTCL is a painless, swollen lymph nodes located in one of the following areas:

  • Armpit
  • Either side of the neck
  • Elbows
  • Near the ears
  • On the back of the knees
  • The groin

These are not the same as reactive lymph nodes, which increase in size due to infection. Aside from lymph nodes, PTCL can affect organs such as the skin, liver, spleen, and stomach, which may cause the following:

Some patients may experience the three “B symptoms,” which are drenching night sweats, fever that come and go, sometimes for weeks, and unexplained weight loss.


Causes of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL)

The causes of why peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) develop is unknown. However, research from 2020 states that changes in the DNA’s structure causing abnormal gene expression (epigenetic alterations) have an essential role in the development of certain types of PTCL.

Certain conditions may cause alterations in the DNA of lymphocytes or increase the chances for mutations to occur. These conditions include long-term, viral, and bacterial infections.

For example, an infection with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can cause adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL). A 2020 study found that HTLV-1 has specific mRNA viral genes involved in the development of ATLL from patients infected with the virus.

The Epstein-Barr virus causes lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A 2021 in-vitro study stated that it is also associated with over 80% of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL).

A 2014 review found that individuals with a family history of blood cancers, eczema, psoriasis, and celiac disease are at risk of developing PTCL, as well as the following groups:

  • Electrical fitters
  • Individuals who have smoked for over 40 years
  • Textile workers


Diagnosis of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL)

To make a diagnosis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL, a doctor conducts a medical history and a physical examination, paying close attention to the patient’s clinical information. If a doctor suspects the patient has lymphoma, they will request a lymph node biopsy, where a healthcare professional removes part or the entire lymph node for lab analysis.

Sometimes, a doctor may also ask for other samples, such as a bone marrow biopsy and a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, also known as a spinal tap.

Specialists may request additional tests to identify the type of PTCL a person has. These include:

  • Flow cytometry and immunophenotyping. This test looks for specific proteins or markers in cells that can identify the type of lymphocyte and how mature the lymphocyte is.
  • Chromosome tests. Cytogenetic studies, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction tests detect genetic and chromosomal changes in cells.

Doctors may also order imaging tests, such as chest X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scans, PET scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) to find the extent of the lymphoma.

Blood tests, including a complete blood count, metabolic panel, and serum lactate dehydrogenase, can also help determine lymphoma and monitor its progression.


Treatment of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL)

Usually newly diagnosed PTCL patients are treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimens. The general practice is to treat the disease whether it is limited or advanced. For stage II bulky lymphomas, doctors need to consider other prognostic factors to determine if it is limited or advanced.

Treatment for limited stages involves a short course of chemotherapy and a targeted drug, with or without radiation therapy. Doctors treat advanced stages with a more intensive chemotherapy treatment that combines three or four drugs.

Drug Combinations

While PTCL has no standard of care, most subtypes receive an initial treatment of a combination chemotherapy regimen. The regimens are most commonly CHOP (cyclophosphamide, hydroxydoxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) or other multidrug combinations such as CHOEP (CHOP plus etoposide) and EPOCH (etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone).

Many other combinations are available and currently under study. For example, a 2019 animal study found that combining tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib with CHOEP helped reduce cancer growth in mice.

Stem Cell Transplants

Doctors may recommend that fit individuals who responded well to initial intensive chemotherapy treatments undergo a stem cell transplant, which studies suggest may improve outcomes and lead to longer remissions.

Other Therapies

Healthcare providers may give antiviral drugs to patients with PTCL caused by viruses in addition to a chemotherapy regimen. Those with localized PTCL, such as extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, may benefit from radiation therapy. Some may also benefit from chemotherapy with radiation (chemoradiation).


Prognosis of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL)

The outcome of PTCL is generally poor except for anaplastic large cell lymphoma and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Treatment outcomes with conventional therapy have also been poor.

However, advances in genetic and molecular testing techniques and a greater understanding of PTCL disease have led to the development of new drugs that are currently under study and trials.

Doctors use the International Prognostic Index (IPI) to help them determine the outlook and overall survival in individuals with aggressive lymphomas, such as PTCL. It can also help them decide on the appropriate care and predict the risk of relapse.

The IPI includes the following five factors:

  • Patient’s age
  • Stage of lymphoma
  • Presence of lymphoma in organs outside the lymph system (extralymphatic organ)
  • Levels of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood, which increase according to the amount of lymphoma in the body
  • Performance status, or the patient’s ability to function in everyday activities

 

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Samples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

Our biobank procures and stores fully consented, deidentified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

All our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

This critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

Including fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

We can also procure most human bio-specimens, special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols; you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

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