Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade, matched sera (serum), K3-EDTA plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.
The K3-EDTA plasma, sera (serum) and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from unique juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Overview
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is a form of arthritis in children. Arthritis causes painful joint swelling (inflammation) and joint stiffness. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that affects one or more joints for at least 6 weeks in a child aged 16 or younger.
Unlike adult rheumatoid arthritis, which is ongoing (chronic) and lasts a lifetime, children often outgrow JIA. But the disease can affect bone development in a growing child.
About 1 in 1,000 children develop some form of arthritis. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common type of arthritis among children.
Most doctors now call the condition juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or JIA. A condition is idiopathic when its cause is unknown. While doctors think that JIA is an autoimmune condition, meaning that it happens when the body attacks healthy tissue, they do not know why some children get it.
Types of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JIA) is classified into several subtypes depending on how many, and which joints the disease affects, the severity of the symptoms, and which antibodies the immune system immune system produces.
Following are the different types of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JIA):
- Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis: This type of arthritis links to the autoimmune condition psoriasis, which causes a painful, scaly rash. Some children develop psoriasis several years before arthritis symptoms, which typically affect the fingers, toes, wrists, knees, and ankles.
- Enthesitis-related JIA: This type of arthritis causes pain where bones meet connective tissue, such as ligaments or tendons. It typically affects the knees, feet, and hips. It is sometimes called spondylarthritis and is more common in boys, typically developing between the ages of 8 and 15 years.
- Oligoarticular JIA: This type of arthritis affects no more than four joints and usually involves larger joints, such as the ankles or knees. Children with this type of arthritis are more vulnerable to eye inflammation, especially if they test positive for the antinuclear antibody (ANA).
- Polyarticular JIA: This type of arthritis affects five or more joints. Symptoms often appear in the hands and feet, and they typically affect both sides of the body. It is more prevalent in female patients than in male patients.
- Systemic Onset JIA: This type of arthritis is also called Still’s disease, is the most serious and least common type. It affects at least one joint and causes inflammation in organs such as the spleen and kidneys.
- Undifferentiated JIA: This type of arthritis does not fit into any of the above categories or causes symptoms consistent with two or more subtypes of JIA.
Signs and Symptoms of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
The symptoms of JIA vary depending on its subtype. Symptoms may appear during episodes (flare-ups). Or they may be ongoing (chronic). Each child’s symptoms can vary.
Common symptoms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JIA) may include the following:
- Eye health problems: Although pinkeye and other eye infections are common in children, children with JIA are more vulnerable to chronic and severe eye problems. They may develop pain or inflammation in their eyes that does not go away.
- Fever or rash: Some children with JIA have an unexplained fever or rash. The fever may come and go, or it might persist even when a child does not seem sick.
- Pain in the joints: Arthritis pain may get worse following an injury or persist even after an injury has healed. Many children report that the pain is worse in the morning. It tends to get worse with time and typically affects joints on both sides of the body.
- Poor appetite: Some children with JIA eat very little or stop eating foods that they once enjoyed, which can result in weight loss.
- Stiff joints: The joints and lower back may feel less limber than normal, and some movements may hurt or be impossible. The stiffness is usually worse in the morning.
- Swelling or redness: Arthritis is inflammation in the joints, which can lead to swelling or redness around painful joints. Inflammation also occurs where tendons and ligaments insert into the bone (enthesitis).
- Unexplained fatigue: Children with JIA may seem chronically exhausted and fatigued
or have little energy, even when they get enough sleep.
Causes of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Research suggests that JIA is an autoimmune condition. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system initiates an attack on healthy tissue as if it were an infection. In JIA, the immune system attacks the tissue of the joints.
A combination of genetics and environmental factors may determine who develops JIA. Children with JIA may carry genes that predispose them to the condition, then develop symptoms following a triggering event, such as a virus or injury.
This means the disease can run in families but can also be triggered by exposure to certain things. JIA is linked to part of a gene called HLA antigen DR4. A person with this antigen may be more likely to have the disease.
A 2016 analysis found that children with allergies are more likely to develop JIA. Allergies might somehow trigger the activation of genes for arthritis, or the genes that predispose children to arthritis might be similar to those that cause allergies.
Some types of JIA are more likely to affect children at certain ages. The primary difference between juvenile and adult arthritis is that juvenile arthritis sometimes disappears on its own or gets better in adulthood. Juvenile arthritis is neither contagious nor currently preventable.
Risk Factors of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
According to the CDC people with a higher risk of developing RA may include the following:
- Diet- High consumption of sodium, sugar (especially fructose), red meat, and iron is associated with an increased risk of developing RA
- 60 years or older
- Females
- Individual with specific genetic traits
- Women who never given birth
- Obese individuals
- People who smoke tobacco or whose parents smoked when they were children
Diagnosis of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Doctors use a combination of symptoms and tests to confirm a diagnosis of JIA.
To help them make an accurate diagnosis, a doctor may evaluate the following:
- Order imaging scans to look at the muscles and bones.
- Perform blood work to check for signs of ANA, rheumatoid factor, and inflammation markers, which can suggest an autoimmune disease. A doctor may also perform other blood work to test for infections and other potential causes of joint pain.
- Perform arthrocentesis, in which they remove a small quantity of joint fluid using a needle.
- Take a complete medical history to assess whether chronic joint pain and inflammation are present.
Treatment of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Many treatment strategies can help reduce the symptoms of JIA. These include:
- Biologic drugs: These special medications reduce the body’s inflammatory response, helping lessen pain and inflammation. Doctors now prescribe these earlier in the disease and often pair them with a disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD).
- Corticosteroids: These prescription drugs, which include triamcinolone hexacetonide (Aristospan), can reduce inflammation and help with pain.
- Lifestyle changes: Getting plenty of exercise and maintaining a healthy weight may help reduce flares. Some children also find that adopting particular diets or avoiding certain foods offers some relief.
- Pain medication: Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help with joint pain and inflammation, but they should not be the only treatment method.
- Physical or occupational therapy: These therapies can reduce chronic pain, help children learn to move in ways that do not injure the joints, and prevent further joint damage.
Some patients also try using alternative or complementary remedies, such as acupuncture. To get the best results, use these alternative therapies only with the approval of a doctor and never as a replacement for medical treatment.
Also, for some patients, they may have to try several combinations of treatments before a specific treatment can be effective.
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