Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade bio-specimens, serum, plasma, PBMC and formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks from patients diagnosed with renal failure.
The K2EDTA plasma and PBMC bio-fluid specimens are processed from patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Renal Failure Overview
The kidneys filter the blood and remove extra water and waste from the body. When something causes the kidneys to work less efficiently, it can lead to kidney failure.
Various conditions can cause the kidneys to work less efficiently. This prevents the removal of waste, and when this happens, it can give rise to kidney failure.
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), kidney failure occurs when a person has less than 15% kidney function.
Types of Renal Failure
There are two types of kidney failure: acute and chronic. The sections below will discuss these in more detail.
Acute
Acute kidney failure (AKF), otherwise known as acute kidney injury or acute renal failure, comes on suddenly, typically within a few hours or days.
It may occur due to trauma to the kidney or decreased blood flow in the area. It can also occur due to a blockage, such as a kidney stones, or very high blood pressure.
According to the Urology Care Foundation, kidney function often returns with AKF treatment.
Chronic
According to the NIDDK, chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal failure or chronic renal disease, may affect more than 30 million people in the United States.
When a condition is chronic, it means that it occurs over a long period of time. Damage to the kidneys occurs gradually and can eventually lead to kidney failure.
Stages of Renal Failure
According to the National Kidney Foundation, there are five stages of kidney disease:
Stage-1 renal failure is characterized by mild kidney damage, though its function may still be normal, kidney function is about 90%.
Stage-2 renal failure means that mild loss of kidney function has started. Kidney function is at about 89-60%.
Stage-3a renal failure means that there is mild to moderate loss of function. Kidney function is at 59-45%.
Stage-3b means that there is moderate-to severe loss of function is 44-30%.
Stage-4 is characterized by severe loss of kidney function. Kidney function is at about 29-15%.
Stage-5 means kidney failure. Kidney function is Knowles’s than 15%.
Signs and Symptoms of Renal Failure
Symptoms of renal failure vary greatly depending on whether the patient has acute or chronic kidney failure and what stage it is at.
Although symptoms can start at any stage of kidney disease, they typically begin in the later stages.
Typical symptoms of kidney failure include:
- Loss of appetite
- Metallic taste in the mouth
- Muscle cramps
- Numbness or tingling in the fingers or toes
- Swelling of the feet and legs due to fluid retention
- Trouble sleeping
By stage 5, symptoms may also include:
Diagnosis of Renal Failure
In order to diagnose kidney disease, a health professional can perform a blood test or urine test.
A blood test measures the creatinine level. If there is more creatinine in the blood, the kidneys may not be functioning as well.
A urine test checks for albumin, a protein that may pass through the urine if the kidneys are damaged.
Causes of Renal Failure
Various types of injuries and diseases can give rise to kidney failure. Certain conditions might cause AKF, while others may lead to CKD.
Common causes of AKF include:
- Blockages, sometimes due to kidney stones
- Inflammation
- Low blood flow to the kidneys
- Sudden high blood pressure
Common causes of CKD include:
- Elevated blood sugar
- High blood pressure
- Kidney infections
- Polycystic kidney disease
Although anyone can experience kidney failure, certain factors may increase a person’s risk of developing the condition.
Some risk factors include:
- A family history of kidney failure
- Diabetes
- high blood pressure
- Heart disease
Complications of Renal Failure
When the kidneys do not function properly, it has a significant impact on other organs in the body. This means that as kidney failure progresses, other complications can also develop.
Possible complications include:
- Anemia
- Bone loss
- Heart disease
- High blood pressure
Treatment of Renal Failure
Treatment for kidney failure often includes the following options:
Dialysis
Dialysis involves using a dialyzer machine, which performs the healthy function of the kidneys. The machine filters water and waste from the blood.
A type of dialysis called peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of a person’s abdomen to filter the blood.
After a dialysis nurse has trained them for 1–2 weeks, a person can perform this dialysis at home, work, or when traveling.
Dialysis does not cure kidney failure, but it may help improve a person’s quality of life.
Kidney Transplant
If a person’s kidney function is 20% or less, they may be eligible for a kidney transplant. Donated kidneys can come from a living person or a deceased donor.
After receiving the new kidney, the person will need to take medication to make sure that the body does not reject it.
The transplant matching process is lengthy, and not everyone is eligible for a transplant.
Clinical Trials
Clinical trials are also an option for some people with CKD.
Various trials are available that evaluate medications, treatments, and protocols for kidney failure.
Treatment Plans
A treatment plan will be comprehensive and may include the following:
- Carefully self-monitoring to watch for signs of worsening kidney function
- Exercising
- Following a renal diet, as prescribed by a doctor or nutritionist
- Getting plenty of rest
- Limiting or eliminating alcohol, which causes the kidneys to work harder
A person may also need treatment for the complications of kidney disease. For example, to treat anemia, a doctor may prescribe iron, vitamin B, or folic acid supplements.
Prevention of Renal Failure
Taking certain steps may decrease a person’s risk of developing kidney failure.
Additional preventive measures include:
- Eating a healthful diet
- Exercising for at least 30 minutes on most days of the week
- Limiting alcohol intake
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Stopping smoking
- Treating urinary tract infections to prevent kidney damage
Coping and Support
People with CKD may need emotional support. It may be helpful to talk about feelings with a friend or family member.
Getting professional help from a dialysis unit social worker or counselor may also be useful to work through emotions.
A person with kidney failure should find ways to relax, stay active, and continue participating in everyday life to aid their emotional well-being.
Outlook
The outlook for kidney failure varies depending on whether the condition is chronic or acute.
AKF usually responds well to treatment, and kidney function often returns. CKD usually does not improve, but it is manageable with treatments such as dialysis.
Undergoing a kidney transplant to treat CKD may also improve the outlook.
Summary
Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer adequately filter blood and remove waste from the body.
The condition can occur suddenly or develop slowly over time. Kidney failure can lead to various complications, including anemia, bone loss, and heart disease.
Usually, treatment involves dialysis and making lifestyle modifications.
Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.
Samples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.
Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.
Our biobank procures and stores fully consented, deidentified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.
All our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.
This critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.
Patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.
Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.
Including fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.
Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.
Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.
Types of Biospecimens
Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:
- Peripheral whole-blood
- Amniotic fluid
- Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL)
- Sputum
- Pleural effusion
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Serum (sera)
- Plasma
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
- Saliva
- Buffy coat
- Urine
- Stool samples
- Aqueous humor
- Vitreous humor
- Kidney stones (renal calculi)
- Other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer.
We can also procure most human bio-specimens, special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.
In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols; you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.
Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.
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