Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade tissue samples, FFPE Blocks with matched cryogenically preserved matched K2EDTA plasma, sera (serum) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from renal fibrosis patients.
The K2EDTA plasma, sera (serum) and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from renal fibrosis patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Kidney (Renal) Disease Overview
Kidney disease can affect the body’s ability to clean the blood, filter extra water out of your blood, and help control the blood pressure. It can also affect red blood cell production and vitamin D metabolism needed for bone health.
You’re born with two kidneys. They’re on either side of your spine, just above your waist.
When your kidneys are damaged, waste products and fluid can build up in your body. That can cause swelling in the ankles, nausea, weakness, poor sleep, and shortness of breath. Without treatment, the damage can get worse, and the kidneys may eventually stop working. That’s serious, and it can be life-threatening.
According to the National Kidney Foundation more than 37 million American adults are living with kidney disease and most don’t know it. Most patients with kidney disease tend not to experience symptoms until the very late stages, when the kidneys are failing or when there are large amounts of protein in the urine.
Function of the Kidneys
The kidneys are essential for the clearance of (metabolic) waste products. Following are functions of normal healthy kidneys:
- Keep a balance of water and minerals (such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus) in your blood
- Remove waste from your blood after digestion, muscle activity, and exposure to chemicals or medications
- Make renin, which your body uses to help manage your blood pressure
- Produce a chemical called erythropoietin, which prompts your body to make red blood cells
- Make an active form of vitamin D, needed for bone health and other things
Causes of Kidney (Renal) Disease
Acute kidney disease causes: If your kidneys suddenly stop working, doctors call it acute kidney injury or acute renal failure. The main causes are:
- Direct damage to the kidneys
- Not enough blood flow to the kidneys
- Urine backed up in the kidneys
Those things can happen when you:
- Are dehydrated or your muscle tissue breaks down, sending too much kidney-toxic protein into your bloodstream
- Have a traumatic injury with blood loss, such as in a car accident
- Go into shock because you have a severe infection called sepsis
- Have an enlarged prostate or kidney stones that blocks your urine flow
- Take certain drugs or are around certain toxins that directly damage the kidney
- Have complications during a pregnancy, such as eclampsia and preeclampsia
Autoimmune diseases, when your immune system attacks your own body, can also cause an acute kidney injury.
Patients with severe heart or liver failure commonly go into acute kidney injury as well.
Other diseases include the following:
- immune system diseases (If you have kidney disease due to lupus, your doctor will call it lupus nephritis.)
- Long-lasting viral illnesses, such as HIV and AIDS, hepatitis-B and hepatitis-C
- Pyelonephritis, a urinary tract infection within the kidneys, which can result in scarring as the infection heals. It can lead to kidney damage if it happens several times.
- Inflammation in the tiny filters (glomeruli) in your kidneys. This can happen after a strep infection, for example.
- Polycystic kidney disease, a genetic condition where fluid-filled sacs form in your kidneys
Defects present at birth can block the urinary tract or affect the kidneys. One of the most common ones, involves a kind of valve between the bladder and urethra. A urologist can often do surgery to repair these problems, which may be found while the baby is still in the womb.
Drugs and toxins such as lead poisoning, long-term use of some medications including NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like ibuprofen and naproxen, can permanently damage the kidneys. So can being around some types of chemicals over time.
Signs and Symptoms of Kidney (Renal) Disease
The kidneys are very adaptable. They can compensate for some of the problems that can happen when someone has kidney disease. Therefore, if the kidney damage gets worse slowly, the symptoms will reveal themselves slowly over time. Most patients may not feel symptoms until the disease is advanced.
Following are common signs and symptoms of kidney (renal) disease:
- A metallic taste in the mouth
- Chest pain if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
- Difficulty thinking
- Fatigue
- High Blood pressure (hypertension)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Muscle twitches and cramps
- Nausea and vomiting
- Persistent itching
- Shortness of breath
- Swelling in the feet and ankles
- Trouble sleeping
- Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
- Weakness
Diagnosis of Kidney (Renal) Disease
To diagnose kidney (renal) disease your healthcare provider will start by asking questions about your family medical history, which medications you’re taking, and if you notice that you’re peeing more or less than normal. After that, they’ll do a physical exam.
Patient’s may also have the following additional tests:
- A kidney biopsy, where tissue from your kidney is sent to a lab for testing to try and figure out the cause of your kidney issues.
- Blood tests, to see how much waste product is in your blood
- Urine tests, to check for kidney failure
- Imaging tests, like an ultrasound, to let the doctor see your kidneys
Treatment of Kidney (Renal) Disease
Treating the Causes
Your doctor will work to slow or control the cause of your kidney disease. Treatment options vary depending on the cause. But kidney damage can continue to worsen even when an underlying condition, such as diabetes mellitus or high blood pressure (hypertension), has been controlled.
Treating Complications
Kidney disease complications can be controlled to make the patient more comfortable. Treatments might include the following:
- High blood pressure medications: Patients with kidney disease can have worsening high blood pressure. Your doctor might recommend medications to lower your blood pressure. Usually commonly used medication to manage the blood pressure and to preserve kidney function are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers.High blood pressure medications can initially decrease kidney function and change electrolyte levels, so you might need frequent blood tests to monitor your condition. Your doctor may also recommend a water pill (diuretic) and a low-salt diet.
- Medications to relieve swelling: Patients with chronic renal disease often retain fluids. This can lead to swelling in the legs as well as high blood pressure. Medications called diuretics can help maintain the balance of fluids in your body.
- Medications to treat anemia: Supplements of the hormone erythropoietin, sometimes with added iron, help produce more red blood cells. This might relieve fatigue and weakness associated with anemia.
- Medications to lower cholesterol levels: Your doctor might recommend medications called statins to lower your cholesterol. Patients with chronic renal disease often have high levels of bad cholesterol, which can increase the risk of heart disease.
- Medications to protect your bones: Calcium and vitamin D supplements can help prevent weak bones and lower your risk of fracture. Patients may also be given medication known as a phosphate binder to lower the amount of phosphate in your blood and protect your blood vessels from damage by calcium deposits (calcification).
- A lower protein diet to minimize waste products in your blood: As your body processes protein from foods, it creates waste products that your kidneys must filter from your blood. To reduce the amount of work your kidneys must do, your doctor might recommend eating less protein. A registered dietitian can suggest ways to lower your protein intake while still eating a healthy diet.
Your doctor might recommend regular follow-up testing to see whether your kidney disease remains stable or progresses.
Treatment for End-stage Kidney (Renal) Disease
If your kidneys can’t keep up with waste and fluid clearance on their own and you develop complete or near-complete kidney failure, you have end-stage kidney disease. At that point, you need dialysis or a kidney transplant.
- Dialysis: Dialysis artificially removes waste products and extra fluid from your blood when your kidneys can no longer do this. In hemodialysis, a machine filters waste and excess fluids from your blood.In peritoneal dialysis, a thin tube inserted into your abdomen fills your abdominal cavity with a dialysis solution that absorbs waste and excess fluids. After a time, the dialysis solution drains from your body, carrying the waste with it.
- Kidney transplant: A kidney transplant involves surgically placing a healthy kidney from a donor into your body. Transplanted kidneys can come from deceased or living donors.After a transplant, you’ll need to take medications for the rest of your life to keep your body from rejecting the new organ. You don’t need to be on dialysis to have a kidney transplant.
For some patients, who choose not to have dialysis or a kidney transplant, a third option is to treat your kidney failure with conservative measures. Conservative measures likely will include symptom management, advance care planning and care to keep you comfortable (palliative care).
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Samples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.
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Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.
Including fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.
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