Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade tumor tissue samples with matching serum (sera), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples processed from lung cancer patients whole blood from 100 unique untreated Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients, multi-ethnic cohort, genetically diverse subjects, diagnosed with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).
Detailed clinical data, biomarker information and pathology annotations, patients smoking history associated with the Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) tumor tissue samples with matching serum (sera), plasma and PBMC samples is provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, drug discovery and development.
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the lungs, Non-small cell lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the lung. According to the American cancer society over 85% of lung cancers are NSCLC. Lung cancer mainly occurs in older people. Most patients diagnosed with lung cancer are 65 or older 65 or older.
NSCLC begins when healthy cells in the lung change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor, a lesion, or a nodule. A lung tumor can begin anywhere in the lung. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. Lymph flows through tubes called lymphatic vessels that drain into collecting stations called lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are the small, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection. They are located in the lungs, the center of the chest, and elsewhere in the body. The natural flow of lymph out of the lungs is toward the center of the chest, which explains why lung cancer often spreads there first. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis.
There are several types of non-small cell lung cancer. The main subtypes of NSCLC are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. These subtypes, which start from different types of lung cells are grouped together as NSCLC because their treatment and prognoses are often similar.
Smoking is the major risk factor for non-small cell lung cancer, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) about 80% of lung cancers are caused by smoking. Signs of non-small cell lung cancer includes shortness of breath, fever and a persistent cough that desn’t go away.
Types of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) begins in the epithelial cells. It is important to distinguish between lung cancer that begins in the squamous cells from lung cancer that begins in other cells. This information is very important to determine the patients treatment options.
Classification of the cancer is determined, which type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) you have based on the way the cancer looks like under a microscope. Following are the different types of Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC):
- Adenocarcinoma: This type of NSCLC begins in the cells that line the alveoli and make substances such as mucus.
- Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of NSCLC forms in the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the lungs. This is also called epidermoid carcinoma.
- Large cell carcinoma: This type of NSCLC may begin in several types of large cells.
- NOS-NSCLC (carcinoma not otherwise specified) or undifferentiated NSCLC
- Other less common types of non-small cell lung cancer are: Pleomorphic, carcinoid tumor, salivary gland carcinoma, and unclassified carcinoma.
Signs and Symptoms of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Patients with Non-small cancer (NSCLC) may experience the following signs and symptoms:
- Fatigue
- Cough
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain, if a tumor spreads to the lining of the lung or other parts of the body near the lungs
- Loss of appetite
- Coughing up mucus
- Coughing up blood
- Unintentional weight loss
- Hoarseness in the voice
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can spread anywhere in the body through a process called metastasis. It most commonly spreads to the lymph nodes, other parts of the lungs, bones, brain, liver, and structures near the kidneys called the adrenal glands. Metastases from Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can cause:
- More breathing difficulties
- Shortness of breath
- Bone pain
- Cough
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Abdominal pain
- Back pain
- Headache
- Weakness and dizziness
- Nausea
- Seizures
- Speech difficulties
Stages of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting other parts of the body. Diagnostic tests are conducted to find out the cancer’s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished and the test results are provided. Knowing the stage helps to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient’s prognosis, which is the chance of recovery. There are different stage descriptions for different types of cancer.
In general, a lower number stage of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is linked with a better outcome. However, no doctor can predict how long a patient will live with lung cancer based only on the stage of the disease. This is because lung cancer is different in each person and treatment works differently for each tumor.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Cancer stage grouping
The stage of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is based on a combination of several factors, including:
- The size and location of the tumor
- Whether it has spread to the lymph nodes and/or other parts of the body.
There are 5 stages for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): stage 0 (zero) and stages I through IV (1 through 4). One way to determine the staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by surgery. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, healthy lung tissue and often nearby lymph nodes.
Stage 0
This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is “in place” and has not grown into nearby tissues and spread outside the lung.
Stage I
A stage I lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. Stage I is divided into 2 substages based on the size of the tumor:
- Stage IA tumors are 3 centimeters (cm) or less in size. Stage IA tumors may be further divided into IA1, IA2, or IA3 based on the size of the tumor.
- Stage IB tumors are more than 3 cm but 4 cm or less in size.
Stage II
Stage II lung cancer is divided into 2 substages:
- A stage IIA cancer describes a tumor larger than 4 cm but 5 cm or less in size that has not spread to the nearby lymph nodes.
- Stage IIB lung cancer describes a tumor that is 5 cm or less in size that has spread to the lymph nodes. A stage IIB cancer can also be a tumor more than 5 cm wide that has not spread to the lymph nodes.
Sometimes, stage II tumors can be removed with surgery, and other times, more treatments are needed.
Stage III
Stage III lung cancers are classified as either stage IIIA, IIIB, or IIIC. The stage is based on the size of the tumor and which lymph nodes the cancer has spread to. Stage III cancers have not spread to other distant parts of the body.
For most stage IIIA and stage IIIB cancers, the tumor may be difficult or sometimes impossible, to remove with surgical resection. Stage IIIC cancers cannot be removed with surgery. For example, the lung cancer may have spread to the lymph nodes located in the center of the chest, which is outside the lung. Or the tumor may have grown into nearby structures in the lung. In either situation, it is less likely that the surgery can completely remove the cancer. Stage III cancers that cannot be treated with surgery can often be successfully treated with systemic therapy and radiation therapy.
Stage IV
Stage IV means the lung cancer has spread to more than 1 area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body through the bloodstream. Once cancer cells get into the blood, the cancer can spread anywhere in the body. But, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is more likely to spread to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands. Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is divided into 2 substages:
- Stage IVA cancer has spread within the chest and/or has spread to 1 area outside of the chest.
- Stage IVB cancer has spread outside of the chest to more than 1 place in 1 organ or to more than 1 organ.
In general, surgery is not an option for most stage IIIB, IIIC, or IV lung cancers. Lung cancer can also be impossible to remove if it has spread to the lymph nodes above the collarbone. It can also be impossible to remove if it has grown into vital structures within the chest. These vital structures include the heart, large blood vessels, or the main breathing tubes leading to the lungs.
Molecular Testing for Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Cancer
Molecular testing of the NSCLC biopsy tumor tissue may be recommend to look for genetic mutations running tests on a biopsy tumor tissue sample to identify specific genes, proteins, and other factors unique to the tumor.
There are several genes that may have changes, called mutations, in a lung tumor that can help the cancer grow and spread. These mutations are found in the tumor and not in healthy cells in the body. This means that they are not inherited or passed down to your children.
Genetic mutations that are known to contribute to lung cancer growth often occur on 1 or more of several genes, including EGFR, ALK, KRAS, BRAF, HER2, ROS1, RET, MET, and TRK. Testing the tumor for some of these genes is now common for later-stage NSCLC. Testing for these genes may also be done for earlier stages of the disease.
Results from these tests can help determine if you can receive targeted therapy, which can be directed at specific mutations. Mutations for which targeted therapies exist are much more likely to occur in people with the adenocarcinoma type of NSCLC and who never smoked. The stage of NSCLC is also important for determining if you can receive targeted therapy.
PD-L1 testing may also recommend. PD-L1 is a protein found on the surface of some cancer cells and some of the body’s immune cells. This protein stops the body’s immune cells from destroying the cancer. Knowing if the tumor has PD-L1 helps your doctor decide if certain types of immunotherapy may be helpful. These types of immunotherapy block PD-L1 and allow the immune system to target the cancer.
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Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors; including peripheral whole-blood, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), sputum, pleural effusion, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum (sera), plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC’s), saliva, Buffy coat, urine, stool samples, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, kidney stones, renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis and other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer. We can also procure most human bio-specimens and can do special collections and requests of human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB approved clinical protocols and procedures.
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