Bay Biosciences provides high-quality, matched fresh frozen sera (serum), plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) bio-fluids from patients diagnosed with peripheral artery disease (PAD).
The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from peripheral artery disease patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) Overview
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a disease of the blood vessels outside the heart and brain. PAD often occurs due to a buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries.
PAD is also known as peripheral arterial disease or peripheral vascular disease (which includes both arteries and veins). PAD affects the blood vessels causing them to narrow, therefore restricting the blood flow to the arms, kidneys, stomach, and most commonly, the legs.
An estimated 8.5 million people in the United States have peripheral artery disease, affecting approximately 12-20 percent of Americans over 60.
Peripheral artery disease is a major risk factor for heart attack and stroke. PAD is more common in African-Americans than other racial groups; and men are slightly more likely than women to develop PAD. Peripheral vascular disease is also more common in smokers.
Although the condition can have serious consequences, physical activity can substantially improve symptoms.
Causes of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
The most common cause of PAD is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a gradual process in which a fatty material builds up inside the arteries.
Less common causes of peripheral artery disease are blood clots in the arteries, injury to the limbs, and unusual anatomy of the muscles and ligaments.
Risk factors that contribute to PAD are diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, increasing age, high cholesterol, family history of heart disease, and excess levels of C-reactive protein or homocysteine.
Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Experts say that around half of all people with PAD do not know they have the condition; this is because many individuals have no symptoms. Possible symptoms include:
- A foot or the lower leg may feel cold
- Brittle toenails
- Difficulty in finding a pulse in the leg or foot
- Erectile dysfunction (impotence in men, problems achieving or sustaining an erection)
- Hair loss on the feet and legs
- Intermittent claudication – the thigh or calf muscles may feel pain when walking or climbing stairs; some individuals complain of painful hips
- Leg weakness
- Numbness in the legs
- Sores or ulcers on the legs and feet that take a long time to heal (or never heal)
- Toenails grow slowly
- The skin on the legs becomes shiny or turns pale or bluish
Diagnosis of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
There are several ways PAD can be diagnosed, if the disease is suspected, the doctor will initially check the patient’s legs.
- Angiography: This is normally reserved for use in conjunction with vascular treatment procedures. During an angiogram, a contrast agent is injected into the artery and X-rays are taken to show blood flow and to pinpoint any blockages that may be present.
- Ankle-brachial index: The most common test for PAD, it is a test that compares the blood pressure in the ankle with the blood pressure in the arm.
- Computed tomographic angiography (CT): Another non-invasive test that images the arteries of a patient’s abdomen, pelvis, and legs. This test is particularly useful in patients with pacemakers or stents.
- Doppler and ultrasound (Duplex) imaging: A non-invasive method that visualizes the artery with sound waves and measures the blood flow in an artery to indicate the presence of a blockage.
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography: MRA gives similar information to that generated by a computerized tomography (CT) scan, but without the need for X-rays.
- Ultrasound scan, angiography, and blood tests, may also be recommended to check levels of cholesterol, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein.
Undiagnosed or untreated PAD can be dangerous; it can lead to painful symptoms, loss of a leg, increased risk of coronary heart disease and carotid atherosclerosis (a narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the brain).
Because people with PAD have an increased risk of heart attack and stroke, the American Heart Association encourages people at risk to discuss PAD with their doctor to ensure early diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
The American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Foundation (ACCF/AHA) collaborated to create the “2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline).” They published the document in the journal Circulation.
They recommend the following:
Regular Physical Activity: This is the most effective treatment, a doctor will often recommend a program of supervised exercise training. The patient may have to start off slowly. Simple walking regimens, leg exercises, and treadmill exercise programs three times a week can result in decreased symptoms in just 4-8 weeks.
Certain Medications: the doctor may prescribe antihypertensive drugs as well as statins to lower cholesterol levels. Cilostazol and pentoxifylline may be recommended for patients with intermittent claudication.
Diet Changes and Adjustments: many individuals with PAD have elevated cholesterol levels. A diet low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol, as well as plenty of fruit and vegetables, can help lower blood cholesterol levels.
Smoking Cessation: Tobacco smoke greatly increases the risk of PAD, heart attack, and stroke. Smokers may have four times the risk of developing PAD than nonsmokers. Stopping smoking will help to slow the progression of PAD and other heart-related diseases.
Exercise for intermittent claudication must take into account the fact that walking can be painful. The program consists of alternating between activity and resting.
If the treatments mentioned above do not help enough, the doctor may advise angioplasty, the surgical unblocking or repair of a blood vessel.
Prevention of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Addressing the following risk factors can help prevent or delay PAD:
- Family History: if you or someone in your family has or had periphery artery disease, be sure to tell your doctor.
- Smoking: Cigarette smoking is more closely related to developing heart disease than any other risk factor. Regular smokers are four times as likely to develop PAD than lifetime non-smokers. Talk to a doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking.
- Diet: Follow a healthy eating plan that is low in total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, and sodium. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products. Overweight and obese patients should work with a doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan.
Outlook of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
PAD increases the risk of heart attack and stroke, so it is vital that it is diagnosed as soon as possible. Outlook depends on a range of factors, but following the lifestyle advice above improves outlook significantly.
Some cases of PAD can be managed by lifestyle changes and medication alone.
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Samples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.
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Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.
Including fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.
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Types of Biospecimens
Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:
- Peripheral whole-blood
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- Sputum
- Pleural effusion
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- Serum (sera)
- Plasma
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
- Saliva
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- Aqueous humor
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- Kidney stones (renal calculi)
- Other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer.
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