Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade fresh frozen serum (sera), plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) samples from 100 unique patients diagnosed with stage II & stage IV advanced Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences delivers detailed patient information and clinical data associated with the Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) serum (sera), plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) samples to a pharmaceutical customer for research, development, and discovery.

 

NSCLC Overview

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Specifically, non-small cell lung cancer occurs when malignant cells form in the tissues of the lung. In fact, over 85% of lung cancer cases are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Moreover, according to the World Health Organization ((WHO), health professionals diagnosed an estimated 1.8 million people with lung cancer, resulting in 1.6 million deaths.

Furthermore, researchers identify several types of non-small cell lung cancer. Notably, the main subtypes of NSCLC include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.

Researchers group these subtypes, which start from different types of lung cells, together as NSCLC because their treatment and prognoses are often similar.

Smoking

Furthermore, smoking  poses the major risk factor for non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, non-small cell lung cancer presents signs such as shortness of breath, fever and a persistent cough that doesn’t go away.

As a result, healthy cells in the lung change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor, a lesion, or a nodule. Consequently, a lung tumor can begin anywhere in the lung.

A tumor can be cancerous or benign. In addition, once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may shed cancer cells. Furthermore, blood can carry these cells away, or the fluid surrounding lung tissue, called lymph, can float them away.

Specifically, lymph flows through tubes called lymphatic vessels that drain into collecting stations called lymph nodes. Moreover, the small, bean-shaped organs known as lymph nodes help fight infection. Consequently, they exist in the lungs, the center of the chest, and elsewhere in the body.

Lymph naturally flows out of the lungs toward the center of the chest; consequently, this explains why lung cancer often spreads there first. Furthermore, when a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or, alternatively, to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, we call it metastasis.

Types of NSCLC

Epithelial cells initiate NSCLC. Moreover, doctors must distinguish between lung cancer that starts in the squamous cells and lung cancer that originates in other cells. Furthermore, they use this information to determine treatment options.

In addition, pathologists determine the type of NSCLC based on how the cancer appears under a microscope. Specifically, the different types of NSCLC include:

  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Large cell carcinoma
  • NSCLC-NOS (not otherwise specified) or NSCLC undifferentiated

Signs and Symptoms of NSCLC

Following are the common signs and symptoms of NSCLC:

NSCLC spreads anywhere in the body through a process called metastasis. Specifically, it most commonly spreads to the lymph nodes, other parts of the lungs, bones, brain, liver, and structures near the kidneys called the adrenal glands. Consequently, metastases from NSCLC cause:

Symptoms such as fatigue, fever, pain, cough, feeling sick, and loss of appetite do not necessarily indicate metastases. Furthermore, cancer anywhere in the body can make a person feel unwell in a general way.

Consequently, loss of appetite can lead to weight loss and muscle loss. In addition, fatigue and weakness can further worsen a person’s ability to breathe.

Moreover, muscle loss also contributes to weakness and loss of mobility. Once doctors diagnose the cancer, they make relieving symptoms an important part of cancer care and treatment. In fact, they may refer to this as palliative care or supportive care. Ultimately, they start soon after the cancer diagnosis and continued throughout treatment.

Causes of NSCLC

Researchers do not know the exact causes of developing lung cancer; however, they understand many of the risk factors for developing lung cancers and how some of them cause cells to become cancerous.

Smoking

First and foremost, researchers identify smoking as the leading cause of lung cancer. In fact, about 80% of lung cancer deaths result from smoking, while many others result from exposure to secondhand smoke.

Moreover, experts clearly indicate that smoking is the strongest risk factor for lung cancer; nevertheless, it often interacts with other factors. Specifically, smokers who are exposed to other known risk factors, such as radon and asbestos, face an even higher risk.”

Smokers who are exposed to other known risk factors such as radon and asbestos, consequently, face an even higher risk. Moreover, not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer; therefore, other factors like genetics probably contribute as well.

Causes in Non-smokers

Not all patients who develop lung cancer smoke. Indeed, many people with lung cancer used to smoke, however, many others never smoked at all.  Furthermore, it is rare for doctors to diagnose someone who has never smoked with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), yet it can happen.

For instance, exposure to radon, secondhand smoke, air pollution, or other factors can cause lung cancer in non-smokers. Moreover, asbestos, diesel or exhaust, or certain other chemicals in the workplace can also cause lung cancers in some people who don’t smoke.

Lung cancers in non-smokers often differ from those in smokers. In fact, younger people often develop them, and they frequently have certain gene changes that differ from those in tumors found in smokers. Moreover, in some cases, doctors can use these gene changes to guide treatment.

Genetic Changes

Researchers know how certain risk factors for lung cancer can cause changes in the DNA  of lung cells. Consequently, these changes can lead to abnormal cell growth and, sometimes, cancer. Moreover, the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes controls how our cells function.

In addition, DNA, which we inherit from both parents, affects more than just our appearance. Furthermore, it also influences our risk for developing certain diseases, including some kinds of cancer.

Some genes control when cells grow, divide to make new cells, and die. Specifically, researchers call genes that help cells grow, divide, or stay alive oncogenes. In contrast, scientists refer to genes that control cell division or cause cells to die at the right time as tumor suppressor genes.

Furthermore, DNA changes can activate oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes, leading to cancer. Consequently, to cause lung cancer, changes in many different genes are usually needed.

Inherited Gene Changes

Some people inherit DNA mutations (changes) from their parents, which greatly increase their risk of developing certain cancers. However, researchers do not think that inherited mutations alone cause many lung cancers. Still, some families with a history of lung cancer seem to have genes that play a role.

For example, people who inherit certain DNA changes in a particular chromosome (chromosome 6) are, consequently, more likely to develop lung cancer, even if they don’t smoke or, alternatively, only smoke a little.

Some people seem to inherit a reduced ability to break down or eliminate certain types of cancer-causing chemicals in their bodies, such as those found in tobacco smoke.

Consequently, this could increase their risk for lung cancer. Additionally, other people inherit faulty DNA repair mechanisms that make it more likely for them to experience DNA changes.

Moreover, individuals with DNA repair enzymes that don’t function normally might be especially vulnerable to cancer-causing chemicals and radiation. Furthermore, some non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) produce excessive amounts of the EGFR protein, which, in turn, results from an abnormal EGFR gene.

Furthermore, this specific gene change is seen more often with adenocarcinoma of the lung in young, non-smoking, Asian women, but the excess EGFR protein has also been seen in more than 60% of metastatic NSCLCs.

Acquired Gene Changes

Researchers usually acquire gene changes related to lung cancer during life rather than inherit them. For this reason, exposure to factors in the environment, such as cancer-causing chemicals in tobacco smoke, often causes acquired mutations in lung cells.

However, on the other hand, some gene changes may just occur as random events inside a cell, without any outside cause. Therefore, scientists believe that acquired changes in certain genes, such as the RB1 tumor suppressor gene, play an important role in the development of SCLC.”

Both NSCLC and SCLC exhibit changes in the TP53 tumor suppression gene and chromosome 3. However, not all lung cancers share the same gene changes; thus, researchers will undoubtedly find changes in other genes that have not yet been identified. Furthermore, experts believe that acquired changes in genes such as the p16 tumor suppressor gene and the K-RAS oncogene play an important role in the development of NSCLC.

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is, indeed a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Specifically, aamples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Moreover, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Additionally, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In particular, critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Moreover, patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Specifically, Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Therefore, please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Customized Collections

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens, furthermore; we offer special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols. Additionally you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

 

  • 日本のお客様は、ベイバイオサイエンスジャパンBay Biosciences Japanまたはhttp://baybiosciences-jp.com/contact/までご連絡ください。