Multiple sclerosis (MS) Samples

Bay Biosciences provides high quality, clinical grade fresh frozen bio-specimens, cryogenically preserved sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from patients diagnosed with Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease.

The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols. The Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease bio-specimens are collected from unique patients diagnosed with Multiple sclerosis (MS) and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery and drug development.

Detailed clinical data, Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients history, symptoms, complete blood count (CBC), elevated biomarker levels, genetic and metabolic information, histopathological findings, annotations associated with Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease specimens is provided to a valued customer for research, development and drug discovery. The Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease sera (serum), plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid are processed from patients peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS disease, the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause permanent damage or deterioration of the nerves.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that can affect the brain and spinal cord, causing a wide range of potential symptoms, including problems with vision, arm or leg movement, sensation or balance. It’s a lifelong condition that can sometimes cause serious disability, although it can occasionally be mild. In many cases, it’s possible to treat symptoms. Average life expectancy is slightly reduced for people with MS. It’s most commonly diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s, although it can develop at any age. It’s about 2 to 3 times more common in women than men. Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease is one of the most common causes of disability in younger adults.

Types of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease starts in two ways, with individual relapses (attacks or exacerbations) or with gradual progression. Following are the two types of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease:

Relapsing remitting multiple MS

Majority of the patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis have the relapsing remitting type of MS disease. Patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) disease have episodes of new or worsening symptoms, known as relapses. These symptoms typically worsen over a few days, last for days to weeks to months, then slowly improve over a similar time period. Relapses often occur without warning, but are sometimes associated with a period of illness or stress. The symptoms of a relapse may disappear altogether, with or without treatment, although some symptoms often persist, with repeated attacks happening over several years. Periods between attacks are known as periods of remission. These can last for years at a time. After many years (usually decades), many, but not all, patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) go on to develop secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) disease.

In the secondary progressive type of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease, symptoms gradually worsen over time without obvious attacks. Some patients continue to have infrequent relapses during this stage. Around half of people with relapsing remitting MS will develop secondary progressive MS within 15 to 20 years of developing the disease, and the risk of this happening increases the longer you have the condition.

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS)

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis disease is less common, around one in ten patients with the condition start the multiple sclerosis (MS) with a gradual worsening of symptoms. In primary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), symptoms gradually worsen and accumulate over several years, and there are no periods of remission, though people often have periods where their condition appears to stabilize.

Causes of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Exact cause of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) disease is unknown. Multiple sclerosis is considered an autoimmune diseases in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues. In the case of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease, the immune system malfunction destroys the fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord (myelin).

Myelin can be compared to the insulation coating on electrical wires. When the protective myelin is damaged and the nerve fiber is exposed, the messages that travel along that nerve fiber may be slowed or blocked. It is not clear why multiple sclerosis (MS) disease develops in some patients and not others. A combination of genetics and environmental factors appears to be responsible.

Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease vary widely and depend on the amount of nerve damage and which nerves are affected. Some patients with severe multiple sclerosis (MS) disease may lose the ability to walk independently or walk at all, while others may experience long periods of remission without any new symptoms.

The symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease vary widely from person to person and can affect any part of the body. Symptoms usually affect movement such as:

Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs that typically occurs on one side of the body at a time, or the legs and trunk
Electric-shock sensations that occur with certain neck movements, especially bending the neck forward (Lhermitte sign)
Tremor, lack of coordination or unsteady gait

Vision problems are also common, including:

Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time, often with pain during eye movement
Prolonged double vision
Blurry vision

Following are the common signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease:

Fatigue
Difficulty walking
Vision problems, such as blurred vision
Problems controlling the bladder
Numbness or tingling in different parts of the body
Muscle stiffness and spasms
Problems with balance and co-ordination
Problems with thinking, learning and planning
Tingling or pain in parts of your body
Problems with sexual, bowel and bladder function

Risk Factors of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Following are the risk factors which may increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) disease:

Age: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can occur at any age, but onset usually occurs around 20 and 40 years of age. However, both younger and older patients can be affected by MS disease.
Sex: Women patients are more than two to three times as likely as men are to have relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) disease.
Family history: If one of your parents or siblings has had multiple sclerosis (MS) disease, you are at higher risk of developing the disease.
Certain infections: A variety of viruses have been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) disease, including Epstein-Barr, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.
Race: White patients, particularly those of Northern European descent, are at highest risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. Patients of Asian, African or Native American descent have the lowest risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) disease.
Climate: Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease is far more common in patients living in countries with colder climates, including Canada, the northern United States, New Zealand, southeastern Australia and Europe.
Vitamin D: Having low levels of vitamin D and low exposure to sunlight is associated with a greater risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) disease.
Certain autoimmune diseases: Patients have a higher chance of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) disease if they have other autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, type-1 diabetes or inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or celiac disease.
Smoking: Smokers who experience an initial event of symptoms that may signal multiple sclerosis (MS) are more likely than nonsmokers to develop a second event that confirms relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) disease.

Complications of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) disease may also develop the following complications:

Depression
Epilepsy
Mental changes, such as forgetfulness and mood swings
Muscle stiffness or spasms
Paralysis, typically in the legs
Problems with bladder, bowel or sexual function

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

There are no specific tests for multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. Instead, a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis often relies on ruling out other conditions that might produce similar signs and symptoms, known as a differential diagnosis.

Following diagnostics tests may be performed to diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS) disease after the patients thorough medical history and examination is done:

Blood tests: Blood tests are performed to help rule out other diseases with symptoms similar to multiple sclerosis (MS) disease.
Spinal tap (lumbar puncture): In a spinal tap procedure a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is removed from the spinal canal for laboratory analysis. CSF sample can show abnormalities in antibodies that are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. A spinal tap can also help rule out infections and other diseases with similar symptoms as multiple sclerosis (MS).
MRI Scans: MRI scan can show areas of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions on the brain and the spinal cord. Intravenous injection of a contrast material may be administered to highlight lesions that indicate the disease is in an active phase.
Evoked potential tests: EPT record the electrical signals produced by the nervous system in response to stimuli. An evoked potential test may use visual stimuli or electrical stimuli. In these tests, a moving visual pattern is observed, and short electrical impulses are applied to nerves in the patients legs or arms. Electrodes measure how quickly the information travels down the nerve pathways.

In most patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) disease, the diagnosis is based on a pattern of symptoms consistent with the disease and confirmed by brain imaging scans, such as MRI. Diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) can be more difficult in patients with unusual symptoms or progressive disease. In these MS cases, further testing with spinal fluid analysis, evoked potentials and additional imaging are necessary for diagnosis.

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