Bay Biosciences provides 4mL snap frozen clinical grade serum (sera) and plasma samples from unique patients diagnosed with Myocardial Infraction (MI) patients in the past 12 months on medication.

Moreover, detailed clinical data and pathology annotations and drug information associated with the myocardial infraction patients is provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research.

 

Myocardial Infraction Overview

A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when, as a result of blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart’s muscle. Specifically, the most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which, in addition, may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.

Typically, it occurs in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. Moreover, the discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn.

Furthermore, other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, and fatigue. Interestingly, women MI patients more often present without chest pain and, instead, have neck pain, arm pain, or feel tired.

What is Myocardial Infraction?

A heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), results from a blockage in a coronary artery that carries blood to the heart. Consequently, this disruption in blood flow can create symptoms and damage the heart muscle.

In 2024, the Canadian Journal of Cardiology published the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classification of Acute Myocardial Infarction (CCS-AMI), which, in turn, groups heart attacks into stages according to how much tissue damage they cause.

However, not all doctors use this staging system. In the United States, for instance, doctors tend to determine heart attack severity based on the type of heart attack a person has and whether it fully or partially blocks a blood vessel.

Stages of  Heart Attack

The CCS-AMI classification, therefore, has four stages:

  • First, stage 1: This stage involves no death of the heart tissue. In fact, the medical term for this is an aborted MI.
  • Secondly, stage 2: This stage, on the other hand, describes a heart attack that kills some cardiomyocytes, which are the muscle cells that make up most of the heart’s tissue. Notably, a stage 2 heart attack does not damage the tiny blood vessels around the heart.
  • In addition, stage 3: In contrast, these heart attacks damage cardiomyocytes and also cause a blockage in the small blood vessels.
  • Lastly, stage 4: Finally, this is the most severe type of heart attack causing significant tissue death and rupture of blood vessels.

Stage 1 heart attacks, or aborted MIs, occur more commonly when people get timely treatment to restore blood flow within 1 hour of their symptoms starting.

In addition, it is important to note that the severity of symptoms does not necessarily correspond to these stages. Therefore, this is why it is important to seek immediate medical help if a person suspects a heart attack, even if the symptoms are not severe, and furthermore, to be aware of all the potential symptoms.

Symptoms

Heart attack symptoms vary in intensity and duration; therefore, not everyone experiences all of them.

In some people, heart attack symptoms appear gradually; however, in others, they come on suddenly. Moreover, even if a person has had a heart attack before, the symptoms could be different if they have another.

According to the American Heart Association (AHA), the symptoms may include:

Anxiety

During a heart attack, people can also experience a sense of panic or anxiety. Consequently, people can confuse panic attacks and heart attacks, given the similarity of the symptoms.

Chest discomfort

Most people, but not all, will experience chest discomfort during a heart attack. Specifically, a person may feel:

  • Aching
  • Pain
  • Heaviness
  • Pressure
Additionally, some people also say they experience a sense of tightness that can feel like they are “being squeezed.”

Sometimes, these sensations can appear rapidly and intensely, especially when the blockage occurs suddenly. On the other hand, if the blockage progresses slowly over time, the symptoms appear gradually or come and go. As a result, people may mistake the sensations for heartburn or indigestion.

Pain or discomfort in other areas

The sensations that a person may experience in the chest can spread or radiate to other areas of the body, including the following:

  • Arm or shoulder
  • Back
  • Jaw
  • Neck
  • Upper abdomen

Shortness of breath

In addition, a person can experience breathing difficulties before or during a heart attack.

In particular, shortness of breath can occur due to blockages in the blood vessels that cause the pressure in the heart to increase, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs.

Dizziness or lightheadedness

Moreover, dizziness or lightheadedness may also be experienced.In fact, some people may feel faint, dizzy, or lightheaded. This, in turn, can be due to poor blood flow caused by a weakened heart or from arrhythmia that can occur as a complication of a heart attack.

Cold sweats

Furthermore, cold sweats can also occur during a heart attack.

Notably, cold sweats may feel similar to those that can occur during the flu or another viral illness.

Therefore, individuals should note other symptoms that occur alongside cold sweats. If, for instance, they are similar to those of a heart attack, they should seek urgent medical attention.

Stomach Symptoms

Some people, for instance, experience gastrointestinal symptoms when they are having a heart attack. Moreover, people may have:

Consequently, these stomach symptoms can cause people to mistake a heart attack for heartburn.

Fatigue

In addition, unexplained fatigue is another potential symptom of a heart attack or impending heart attack.

Specifically, people often report feeling more tired than usual, which can be due to reduced blood flow.

Biospecimens

biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Human biospecimens are available including cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors for controls, available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples, human biofluids such as serum samples, plasma samples from various diseases and matched controls.

Also, all our human tissue collections, human biospecimens and human biofluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In fact, this critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Additionally, researchers find the patient’s data associated with the human biospecimens extremely valuable and use it to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, as well as in other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and human biological samples, including fresh frozen human biospecimens cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as human serum, human plasma and human PBMCs.

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) and human biofluids from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Moreover, we can also procure most human biospecimens and human biofluids, special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples and human biofluids are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human biofluids such as  human plasma, human serum, and human PBMCs bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols; you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Bay Biosciences also provides human biospecimens from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, Contact us Now.