Bay Biosciences provides high-quality, matched fresh frozen sera (serum), plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) bio-fluids from patients diagnosed with proteinuria, kidney disease.
The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from proteinuria patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.
Fresh frozen tissue and matched biofluid samples are collected from unique patients diagnosed with proteinuria.
Bio-samples are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, diagnostics, discovery and drug development.
Proteinuria Overview
Proteinuria is a condition in which the patients have high levels of protein in their urine. This is usually linked with kidney disease.
Several proteins may leak into urine, but albumin is the most likely. High levels of albumin, specifically, is called albuminuria.
If a person has too much protein in their urine, it usually indicates that their kidneys are not filtering blood correctly.
Inside the kidneys are tiny blood vessels called glomeruli. Their job is to cleanse the blood of toxins and metabolites, which they excrete in the urine.
In healthy kidneys, the glomeruli reabsorb protein and keep it in the blood. The kidneys only filter a trace amount of the protein into the urine.
The kidneys are filters that don’t usually let a lot of protein pass through. When kidney disease damages them, proteins such as albumin may leak from the into the urine. You can also have proteinuria when your body makes too much protein.
In addition to fats and sugars, proteins form the major building blocks of human body. The right amount of protein is important in our diet, for growth and repair.
Albumin is a type of protein that is normally found in the blood. The body needs albumin (protein), which is an important nutrient that helps build muscle, repair tissue, and fight infection. But protein should stay in the blood, not your urine.
When your kidneys are healthy, they keep important things your body needs inside your blood, like protein. They also remove things your body doesn’t need, like waste products and extra water.
If your kidneys are damaged, protein can “leak” out of the kidneys into the urine. Having protein in the urine is called “albuminuria” or “proteinuria.”
Urinary protein excretion in healthy persons varies considerably and may reach protein-uric levels under several circumstances. Proteinuria is defined as urinary protein excretion of greater than 150 mg per day.
Causes of Proteinuria
Following are some of common things can cause proteinuria:
- Dehydration
- Inflammation
- Low blood pressure
- Fever
- Intense activity
- High stress
- Kidney Stones
- Taking aspirin every day
- Very low temperatures
- Immune disorders such as lupus
- Kidney inflammation (Glomerulonephritis)
- A blood cancer called multiple myeloma
- Preeclampsia which affects pregnant women
- A buildup of protein in your organs (amyloidosis)
- Cardiovascular disease
- Intravascular hemolysis, a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed
- Kidney cancer
- Heart failure
Dehydration
Dehydration may cause temporary proteinuria. If the body loses and does not replace liquids, it cannot deliver the necessary nutrients to the kidneys.
This causes problems with the way the kidneys reabsorb protein. As a result, they may excrete it in the urine.
Dehydration can cause:
A person can lose fluid through diarrhea and vomiting or excessive sweating. If they are not drinking enough water to compensate, they may become dehydrated.
High Blood Pressure
Patients with high blood pressure (hypertension) may have weak blood vessels in their kidneys. This can keep the kidneys from reabsorbing protein correctly.
Someone may not know that they have high blood pressure (hypertension) until a routine physical exam flags it.
High blood pressure can develop over several years. It may not cause any symptoms until it becomes more severe. In this case, it may cause headaches, nosebleeds, and shortness of breath.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease that affects insulin, a hormone, and results in high levels of blood sugar.
In someone with type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. In a person with type 2, the pancreas makes enough insulin but the body cannot use it efficiently.
Having high blood sugar can force the kidneys to work too hard as they filter the blood, leading to kidney damage. This damage may allow protein to leak into the urine.
Patients may experience various symptoms of diabetes, including:
- Blurry vision
- Fatigue
- Frequent urination
- Increased thirst and hunger
- Inflammation of the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, a problem known as glomerulonephritis.
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis refers to Inflammation of the glomeruli, tiny blood vessels in the kidneys. It can cause protein to enter the urine, and it can also result in nephrotic syndrome.
Nephrotic syndrome is a set of symptoms that can include:
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Elevated cholesterol
- Swelling of the legs and feet
Changes in the immune system cause some forms of glomerulonephritis. It may also run in families, but the cause is often unclear. A patient may have one isolated incidence of this, then develop a chronic form years later.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is also known as chronic renal disease. It is a gradual loss of kidney function. This prevents the kidneys from filtering the blood properly, and it can cause protein to seep into the urine.
Often there are no symptoms in the early stages of CKD, but a person may experience:
- A reduction in appetite
- Difficulty concentrating
- Dry itchy skin
- Fatigue
- Frequent urination, specially at night
- Puffiness around the eyes
- Swollen ankles and feet
- Trouble sleeping
CKD progresses gradually and may eventually lead to kidney failure.
The two primary causes of CKD are diabetes and high blood pressure. Other kidney problems, such as glomerulonephritis, recurring kidney infections, and polycystic kidney disease, can also lead to CKD.
Autoimmune Diseases
These diseases involve the immune system attacking tissues. This happens as a reaction to “autoantibodies,” which are antibodies, a type of protein, and immunoglobulins, a family of chemicals.
Sometimes, these diseases cause inflammation in the kidneys, leading to injury and proteinuria.
Autoimmune diseases that may lead to proteinuria include:
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Also called SLE, this mainly affects the skin and joints, but it can cause kidney damage.
- IgA Nephropathy: This causes immunoglobulin A to build up in the glomeruli, leading to proteinuria.
- Goodpasture’s Syndrome: This rare disease can cause life threatening bleeding in the lungs and damage the kidneys, leading to kidney failure.
Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication that usually begins after twenty weeks. The main sign is high blood pressure that may cause acute kidney injury.
Symptoms of preeclampsia include:
- Abdominal Pain
- Headache
- Swelling of the face and hands
- Vision problems
- Weight gain
Patients with preeclampsia need careful medical supervision, as it can cause preterm birth.
Signs and Symptoms Proteinuria
Most patients who have proteinuria don’t notice any signs and symptoms in early and mild cases. Over time, as the condition gets worse, they might develop the following symptoms:
- Fatigue
- Foamy, frothy or bubbly urine
- Frequent urination
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- High level of cholesterol
- Loss of appetite
- Muscle cramps at night
- Swelling (edema) in the belly, face. feet and hands
- Shortness of breath
- Upset stomach
- Vomiting
Risk Factors of Proteinuria
Things that might make you more likely to have protein in your urine include:
- Obesity
- Having preeclampsia
- Patients age over 65
- Family history of kidney disease
- African American, Native American, Hispanic, or Pacific Islander descent
Some patients get more protein into their urine while standing than while lying down. This condition is called orthostatic proteinuria.
Diagnosis of Proteinuria
A urine test called urinalysis is sued to check the levels of proteins in the urine. This can tell whether a patient have too much protein in their urine. A dip stick test is performed to check for protein levels in the urine.
Urine sample is collected from the patients and a lab technician will perform a dip test by dipping a stick coated with chemicals on the end. If the stick changes color, that is a sign of high level of protein in the urine.
- Blood Tests: These tests measure certain chemicals to check how well your kidneys are functioning.
- Imaging Tests: CT scans and ultrasounds can spot kidney stones, tumors, or other blockages.
- A kidney biopsy: Your doctor might need to take a small sample of kidney tissue so a lab technician can look at it under a microscope.
Treatment of Proteinuria
Proteinuria a sign of another illness. So treatment depends on figuring out what caused it. You might not need treatment if proteinuria is mild or lasts only a short time. But it’s crucial to treat kidney disease before it leads to kidney failure.
Your doctor might prescribe medication, especially if you have diabetes and/or high blood pressure. Most people will take one of two types of blood pressure medicine:
- ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors)
- ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers)
The best treatment approach depends on the issue causing proteinuria, its severity, and whether it is temporary or chronic.
A nephrologist, a doctor who specializes in kidney health, may recommend:
- Lifestyle changes: These may include losing weight, exercising more, and stopping smoking.
- Medications: If a patient has high blood pressure (hypertension) or diabetes, the doctor may prescribe medications that help control these conditions.
- A special diet: The American Kidney Fund says that a kidney-friendly diet low in minerals and protein may help manage kidney problems.
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