Pernicious Anemia Samples for Research

Bay Biosciences provides high-quality, matched fresh frozen sera (serum),  plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) bio-fluids from patients diagnosed with pernicious anemia disease.

Moreover, the sera (serum), plasma and PBMC bio-fluids are processed from pernicious anemia disease patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.

In addition, the matched bio-fluids are collected from unique patients with pernicious anemia disease and are provided to a valued pharmaceutical customer for research, development and drug discovery.

Pernicious Anemia Overview

Pernicious anemia is a rare autoimmune blood disorder characterized by the inability of the body to properly utilize vitamin B12. Moreover, which is essential for the development of red blood cells. Furthermore, to keep the nervous system working properly. Additionally, the immune system destroys stomach cells, causing pernicious anemia.

Specifically, most cases result from the lack of the gastric protein known as intrinsic factor. Without which vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed. Furthermore, vitamin B12 helps the body make healthy red blood cells and helps keep nerve cells healthy. Notably, researchers find it in animal foods, including meat, fish, eggs, milk, and other dairy products.

In fact, the most common cause of pernicious anemia is the loss of stomach cells that make intrinsic factor. Consequently, intrinsic factor helps the body absorb vitamin B12 in the intestine. Importantly, the loss of parietal cells may be due to destruction by the body’s own immune system.

Consequently, pernicious anemia can cause permanent damage to nerves and other organs. If it goes on for a long time without treating it. Moreover, it also raises the risk for developing stomach cancer.

 

Signs & Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia

Pernicious Anemia causes a variety of symptoms and signs, for for example:

Neurological Symptoms

Because nerve cells need vitamin B12 to function properly, some patients with Pernicious Anemia will show neurological symptoms. Nerves other than those of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nervous system) frequently affect people. Occasionally, someone may also involve the spinal cord.

Neurological symptoms may include numbness, tingling, loss of sensation in the arms and/or legs (acroparesthesias). Other neurological symptoms may include impaired ability to coordinate movement (ataxia), a positive Babinski sign (outward motion of the big toe caused by stroking the sole of the foot), and/or exaggerated reflexes (hyperreflexia). Some patients with Pernicious Anemia may also become extremely irritable or depressed and, in some rare cases, even experience paranoia (megaloblastic madness).

Causes of Pernicious Anemia

Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor (which is a protein made in the stomach, it is needed to absorb vitamin B-12) or other causes, such as infections, surgery, medicines, or diet. Pernicious anemia is thought to be an autoimmune disease.

Moreover, autoimmune disorders are caused when the body’s natural defenses (e.g., antibodies) against “foreign” or invading organisms begin to attack healthy tissue for unknown reasons. Pernicious anemia is sometimes seen in association with certain autoimmune endocrine diseases, such as type-1 diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, Addison’s disease, and Graves’ disease.

Since the disorder also tends to occur with greater frequency in certain families than in others, it is also believed that there may be a genetic component to pernicious anemia. In general, risk factors for pernicious anemia include a family history of the disease, being of Northern European or Scandinavian descent, and a history of autoimmune  endocrine disorders.

Genetic Disorder

The gene responsible for anemia due to intrinsic factor deficiency has been tracked to a location on chromosome 11 (11q13). Similarly, researchers have tracked the gene responsible for anemia due to the intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B12 to sites on chromosome 14 (14q32) and 10 (10p12.1).

Furthermore, genetic diseases are determined by the combination of genes for a particular trait that are on the chromosomes received from the father and the mother. Specifically, recessive genetic disorders occur when an individual inherits the same abnormal gene for the same trait from each parent. In contrast, if an individual receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease; however, they usually will not show symptoms.

Moreover, the risk for two carrier parents to both pass the defective gene and, therefore, have an affected child is 25% with each pregnancy. In addition, the risk to have a child who is a carrier like the parents is 50% with each pregnancy. Consequently, the chance for a child to receive normal genes from both parents and be genetically normal for that particular trait is 25%.

Notably, the risk is the same for males and females. Ultimately, all individuals carry a few abnormal genes.

In addition, parents who are close relatives (consanguineous) have a higher chance than unrelated parents to both carry the same abnormal gene. Moreover, which increases the risk to have children with a recessive genetic disorder.

Lack of Intrinsic Factor

Intrinsic factor is a protein made in the stomach. Furthermore, people need to absorb vitamin B-12. However, in some people, an autoimmune response causes a lack of intrinsic factor. Specifically, an autoimmune response occurs if the body’s immune system makes antibodies (proteins) that mistakenly attack and damage the body’s tissues or cells.

In pernicious anemia, for instance, the body makes antibodies that attack and destroy the parietal cells. Notably, these cells line the stomach and make intrinsic factor. Unfortunately, the cause of this autoimmune response happening is unknown. As a result of this attack, consequently, the stomach stops making intrinsic factor.

Without intrinsic factor, therefore, the body can’t move vitamin B12 through the small intestine, where it’s absorbed. This, in turn, leads to vitamin B12 deficiency. Additionally, surgeons can also cause a lack of intrinsic factor if they surgically remove part or all of the stomach.

In fact, this type of surgery reduces the number of parietal cells available to make intrinsic factor. Rarely, an inherited disorder prevents children from making intrinsic factor. Doctors call this disorder congenital pernicious anemia.

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is, indeed a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Specifically, aamples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Moreover, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Additionally, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In particular, critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Moreover, researchers find patient’s data extremely valuable and use it to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Specifically, Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Therefore, please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

  • Firstly, Peripheral whole-blood
  • Secondly, Amniotic fluid
  • Third, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL)
  • Moreover, Sputum
  • Furthermore, Pleural effusion
  • Next, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Also, Serum (sera)
  • Likewise, Plasma
  • In addition, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
  • For example, Saliva
  • Also, Buffy coat
  • Moreover, Urine
  • Furthermore, stool samples
  • Next, Aqueous humor
  • Likewise, Vitreous humor
  • Lastly, Kidney stones (renal calculi)
  • Finally, Other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer.

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens, furthermore; we offer special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols. Additionally you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

 

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