Shortness of Breath Overview
Shortness of breath, medically known as dyspnea, is often described as an intense tightening in the chest, difficulty breathing, breathlessness or a feeling of suffocation not being able to get enough air into the lungs. Very strenuous exercise, extreme temperatures, obesity and higher altitude all can cause shortness of breath in a healthy person. Outside of these examples, most of the times shortness of breath is likely a sign of a medical problem.
Shortness of Breath Causes
Most cases of shortness of breath are due to heart or lung conditions. The heart and lungs are involved in transporting oxygen to your tissues and removing carbon dioxide, and problems with either of these processes affect your breathing. Shortness of breath that comes on suddenly (called acute) has a limited number of causes, including:
- Anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction)
- Asthma
- COPD
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) exacerbation or worsening of symptoms
- Cardiac Tamponade
- COVID-19 Coronavirus disease
- Heart Attack
- Heart Arrhythmia (irregular heart rhythm)
- Heart Failure
- Pneumonia
- Pneumothorax
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Sudden blood loss
- Upper airways obstruction (blockage in the breathing passage)
In the case of shortness of breath that has lasted for weeks or longer (called chronic), the condition is most often due to:
- Asthma
- COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) exacerbation or worsening of symptoms
- Physical Deconditioning
- Heart Failure
- Interstitial Lung Disease
- Obesity
- Pleural Effusion (accumulation of fluid around the lungs)
A number of other health conditions also can make it hard to get enough air. These include:
Lung problems
- Croup Disease
- Lung Cancer
- Pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs)
- Pulmonary Edema (excess fluid in the lungs)
- Pulmonary Fibrosis (scarred and damaged lungs)
- Pulmonary Hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs)
- Sarcoidosis (inflammatory disease)
- Tuberculosis (TB)
Heart problems
- Cardiomyopathy
- Heart Failure
- Pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium)
- Cardiomyopathy (disease of heart muscle)
Other problems
- Anemia
- Anxiety Disorders
- Broken Ribs
- Choking
- Epiglottitis (swelling of the windpipe)
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome
- Kyphoscoliosis (a chest wall deformity)
- Myasthenia Gravis (a condition causing muscle weakness)
Shortness of Breath in COVID-19
One of the signature symptoms of COVID-19 is shortness of breath. Other common symptoms are fever, cough and fatigue.
Most people who get COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms that can be treated at home. If you’re sick and suspect that you may have COVID-19, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following steps:
- Stay home and separate yourself from all family members and pets as much as possible.
- Cover your coughs and sneezes and wear a cloth mask if you must be around other people, but try to stay 6 feet away at minimum.
- Stay in touch with your doctor and call ahead if you end up seeking medical attention.
- Wash your hands often.
- Avoid sharing household items with other people in the house.
- Disinfect common surfaces often.
You should also be monitoring your symptoms while at home. You should seek emergency medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:
- Trouble breathing
- Heaviness or tightness in the chest
- Bluish lips (cyanosis)
- Confusion
- Drowsiness and Dizziness
Shortness of Breath Risk Factors
Following are the risk factors for shortness of breath or other related conditions:
- Muscles are weak, especially those involved in breathing, such as the diaphragm
- Asthma other chronic respiratory conditions such as COPD or Cystic Fibrosis
- Hemoglobin levels are low
- Smoking
- Work or living space includes things that trigger asthma
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