Bay Biosciences provides high-quality, clinical-grade bio-specimens, cryogenically preserved sera (serum), plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) biofluid samples from patients diagnosed with Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease.

Our clinical team processes the sera (serum), plasma, and PBMC biofluid specimens from patients’ peripheral whole blood using customized collection and processing protocols. 

Type-1 Diabetes Overview

Type 1 diabetes (T1D), also known as juvenile diabetes, is a chronic autoimmune disease. In Type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune response destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin; consequently, this causes the pancreas to produce very little or no insulin.

Moreover, insulin helps sugar (glucose) enter cells to produce energy and, furthermore, regulates normal glucose levels in the bloodstream. The body obtains glucose from the food you eat. When the cells have enough glucose, the liver and muscle tissues store the extra glucose, called blood sugar, in the form of glycogen.

Specifically, it breaks down into blood sugar and releases it when you need energy between meals, during exercise, or while you sleep. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), however, the body cannot process glucose due to a lack of insulin. As a result, food-derived glucose can’t enter the cells. This ultimately results in too much glucose circulating in the blood. Moreover, high blood sugar levels can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Different factors, including genetics and some viruses, may contribute to type 1 diabetes.

Although children or adolescents usually develop type 1 diabetes, it is important to note that adults can also develop it. Unfortunately, no cure exists for type 1 diabetes. Therefore, care teams manage blood sugar levels with insulin, diet, and lifestyle changes to prevent further complications .

Signs and Symptoms of Type-1 Diabetes

Common signs and symptoms of Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) include:

  • Tingling or loss of feeling in the hands and feet
  • Frequent urination (polyuria)
  • Bed-wetting in children who previously didn’t wet the bed during the night
  • Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
  • Extreme hunger
  • Unintended weight loss
  • Irritability and other mood changes
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Blurred vision

These symptoms may recur during the course of type-1 diabetes; however, if insulin replacement therapy does not keep blood sugar well-controlled, improper control can also cause blood sugar levels to drop too low (hypoglycemia). This may occur when the body’s needs change, such as during exercise or if eating is delayed. Consequently, hypoglycemia can cause headaches, dizziness, hunger, shaking, sweating, weakness, and agitation.

Uncontrolled Type-I Diabetes

Furthermore, uncontrolled Type-1 diabetes (T1D) can lead to a life-threatening complication known as diabetic ketoacidosis, which is, in fact, one of the complications of diabetes. Without insulin, cells cannot take in glucose. As a result, when cells lack glucose, the liver tries to compensate by releasing more glucose into the blood, causing blood sugar to become extremely high. Consequently, the cells, unable to use the glucose in the blood for energy, respond by using fats instead.

Ketones

“The process of breaking down fats to obtain energy produces waste products called ketones; consequently, these can build up to toxic levels in people with type 1 diabetes, resulting in diabetic ketoacidosis. Affected individuals may begin breathing rapidly, develop a fruity odor in their breath, and experience nausea, vomiting, facial flushing, stomach pain, and dryness of the mouth (xerostomia). Furthermore, in severe cases, diabetic ketoacidosis can cause coma and death.

Untreated Diabetes

If untreated and uncontrolled over many years, type-1 diabetes (T1D) can cause chronic high blood sugar that damages blood vessels and nerves. As a result, this leads to complications affecting many bodily organs and tissues. For instance, diabetic retinopathy can damage the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, ultimately leading to vision loss and eventual blindness.

Kidney Damage

Similarly, diabetic nephropathy may also damage the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Moreover, the feet often experience pain, tingling, and loss of normal sensation (diabetic neuropathy). Additionally, impaired circulation and the absence of normal sensations that prompt reactions to injury can result in permanent damage to the feet; in severe cases, this damage can necessitate amputation.

In summary, individuals with type 1 diabetes also face an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes and problems with urinary and sexual dysfunction.

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include the following:

Causes of Type-1 Diabetes

The exact causes of developing Type-1 diabetes (T1D) are unknown. Usually, the body’s own immune system, which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses, mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet, or islets of Langerhans) cells in the pancreas. However, type-1 diabetes (T1D) is thought to be an autoimmune disease. The body’s immune system mistakenly attacks beta cells in the pancreas. These are the cells that make insulin. Scientists don’t fully understand why this happens. Genetic and environmental elements, such as viruses, may play a role.

Diagnosis of Type-1 Diabetes

Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease is usually diagnosed through a series of diagnostic tests.. Some can be conducted quickly, while others require longer time for preparation and monitoring.

Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease often develops quickly. Patients are diagnosed if they meet one of the following criteria:

  • Fasting blood sugar > 126 mg/dL on two separate tests
  • Random blood sugar > 200 mg/dL, along with symptoms of diabetes
  • Hemoglobin A1c > 6.5 on two separate tests

These criteria are also used to diagnose type-2 diabetes. In fact, people with type-1 diabetes (T1D) are sometimes misdiagnosed as having type-2 diabetes. A doctor may not realize you’ve been misdiagnosed until you begin developing complications or worsening symptoms despite treatment. When blood sugar gets so high that diabetic ketoacidosis starts to occur and the patient becomes very sick. This is often the reason patients end up in the hospital and type-1 diabetes (T1D) is diagnosed.

Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) disease diagnostic tests include the following:

  • Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test: This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells (hemoglobin). The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you’ll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.

If the A1C test isn’t available, or if you have certain conditions that can make the A1C test inaccurate, such as pregnancy or an uncommon form of hemoglobin (hemoglobin variant) , the following diagnostic test may be performed:

  • Random blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken at a random time and may be confirmed by repeat testing. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Regardless of when you last ate, a random blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes, especially when coupled with any of the signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as frequent urination and extreme thirst.
  • Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after an overnight fast. A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it’s 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.

If you’re diagnosed with diabetes, your doctor may also run blood tests to check for autoantibodies that are common in type-1 diabetes. These tests help distinguish between type-1 and type-2 diabetes when the diagnosis is uncertain. The presence of ketones byproducts from the breakdown of fat — in your urine also suggests type 1 diabetes, rather than type 2.

Type-1 Diabetes Risk Factors

Following are some of the likely risk factors for developing Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease:

Family history

Family history may be important in some cases of type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease. If you have a family member with type-1 diabetes, your risk of developing diabetes increases. A predisposition to develop type 1 diabetes is passed through generations in families, but the inheritance pattern is unknown. Several genes have been linked to this condition. However, not everyone who has these genes develops type-1 diabetes (T1D). Many researchers and doctors believe some type of trigger causes type-1 diabetes to develop in some people but not others. Following genes are reported to contribute to type-1 diabetes; HNF1A, IL6, ITPR3, PTPN.

Race

Race may be a risk factor for type-1 diabetes (T1D). It’s more likely to develop in white people than in people of other races.

Environmental factors

Some viruses may also trigger type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease. It’s unclear which viruses might be the culprits, however. Likewise, patients from cold climates are more likely to have type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease. Doctors also diagnose more cases of type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease in winter than they do in summer time.

Type-1 Diabetes Treatment

Treatment for Type-1 diabetes (T1D) includes:

  • Taking insulin
  • Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting
  • Frequent blood sugar monitoring
  • Eating healthy foods
  • Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight

The goal is to keep your blood sugar level as close to normal as possible to delay or prevent complications of Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease. Generally, the goal is to keep your daytime blood sugar levels before meals between 80 and 130 mg/dL (4.44 to 7.2 mmol/L) and your after-meal numbers no higher than 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) two hours after eating.

Insulin and other medications

Anyone who has Type-1 diabetes (T1D) disease needs lifelong insulin therapy.

Types of insulin are many and include:

  • Short-acting (regular) insulin
  • Rapid-acting insulin
  • Intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin
  • Long-acting insulin

Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences is, indeed a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Specifically, aamples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Moreover, Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

In fact, our biobank procures and stores fully consented, de-identified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

Additionally, all our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

In particular, critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Moreover, patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Specifically, Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

For example fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Therefore, please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

Customized Collections

Moreover, we can also procure most human bio-specimens, furthermore; we offer special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols. Additionally you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Furthermore, Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

 

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