Bay Biosciences provides high-quality, matched fresh frozen sera (serum), plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) bio-fluids from patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease.

The sera (serum), plasma and PBMC biofluid specimens are processed from cardiovascular patient’s peripheral whole-blood using customized collection and processing protocols.

Cardiovascular Disease Overview

CVD is now the most common cause of death worldwide. However, there are many ways to reduce the risk of developing these conditions. There are also many treatment options available if do they occur.

The treatment, symptoms, and prevention of the conditions that are part of CVD often overlap.

Cardiovascular disease includes heart or blood vessel issues, including:

• Narrowing of the blood vessels in your heart, other organs or throughout your body.
• Heart and blood vessel problems present at birth.
• Irregular heart rhythms.
• Heart valves that aren’t working right.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide.

Almost half of adults in the U.S. have some form of cardiovascular disease. It affects people of all ages, sexes, ethnicities and socioeconomic levels. One in three women and people assigned female at birth dies from cardiovascular disease.

Statistics

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide.

In 2016, around 17.9 million people died from cardiovascular disease, accounting for 31% of all registered premature deaths.

Of these, 85% resulted from a heart attack or stroke. These conditions affect equal numbers of men and women.

The WHO estimate that by 2030, 23.6 million patients will die from cardiovascular disease conditions annually, mostly due to stroke and heart disease.

Although these conditions remain prevalent in global mortality rates, people can start taking steps to prevent them.

Types of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) comprises many different types of condition. Some of these might develop at the same time or lead to other conditions or diseases within the group.

Diseases and conditions that affect the heart include the following:

• Angina, a type of chest pain that occurs due to decreased blood flow into the heart
• Arrhythmia, or an irregular heartbeat or heart rhythm
• Aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the heart valve that can cause blockage to blood flow leaving the heart
• Atrial fibrillation, an irregular rhythm that can increase the risk of stroke
  
• Cogenital heart disease, in which a problem with heart function or structure is present from birth
• Coronary artery disease, which affects the arteries that feed the heart muscle
• Heart attack, or a sudden blockage to the heart’s blood flow and oxygen supply
• Heart failure, wherein the heart cannot contract or relax normally
• Dilated cardiomyopathy, a type of heart failure, in which the heart gets larger and cannot pump blood efficiently
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in which the heart muscle walls thicken and problems with relaxation of the muscle, blood flow, and electrical instability develop
• Mitral regurgitation, in which blood leaks back through the mitral valve of the heart during contractions
• Mitral valve prolapse, in which part of the mitral valve bulges into the left atrium of the heart while it contracts, causing mitral regurgitation
• Pulmonary stenosis, in which a narrowing of the pulmonary artery reduces blood flow from the right ventricle (pumping chamber to the lungs) to the pulmonary artery (blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs)
• Rheumatic heart disease, a complication of strep throat that causes inflammation in the heart and which can affect the function of heart valves
• Radiation heart disease, wherein radiation to the chest can lead to damage to the heart valves and blood vessels

Vascular diseases affect the arteries, veins, or capillaries throughout the body and around the heart.

They include the following:

• Aneurysm, a bulge or enlargement in an artery that can rupture and bleed
• Atherosclerosis, in which plaque forms along the walls of blood vessels, narrowing them and restricting the flow of oxygen rich blood
• Blood clotting disorders, in which blood clots form too quickly or not quickly enough and lead to excessive bleeding or clotting
• Buerger’s disease, which leads to blood clots and inflammation, often in the legs, and which may result in gangrene
• Ischemic stroke, in which a blood clot moves to the brain and causes damage
• Peripheral artery disease, which causes arteries to become narrow and reduces blood flow to the limbs 
• Renal artery disease, which affects the flow of blood to and from the kidneys and can lead to high blood pressure
  
• Raynaud’s disease, which causes arteries to spasm and temporarily restrict blood flow
• Peripheral venous disease, or general damage in the veins that transport blood from the feet and arms back to the heart, which causes leg swelling and varicose veins
• Venous blood clots, which can break loose and become dangerous if they travel to the pulmonary artery

It is possible to manage some health conditions within CVD by making lifestyle changes, but some conditions may be life threatening and require emergency surgery.

Signs and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease

Symptoms will vary depending on the specific condition. Some conditions, such as type-2 diabetes or hypertension, may initially cause no symptoms at all.

However, typical symptoms of an underlying cardiovascular issue include:

• Cold sweats
• Pain or pressure in the chest, which may indicate angina
• Shortness of breath
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Nausea and fatigue
• Pain or discomfort in the arms, left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back

Above are the most common signs and symptoms, however, cardiovascular (CVD) can cause symptoms anywhere in the body.

Signs and Symptoms of Blockages in Blood Vessels throughout the Body

• Cool or red skin on your legs.
• Difficulty with talking, seeing or walking.
• Leg sores that aren’t healing.
• Numbness in your face or a limb. This may be on only one side of your body.
• Pain or cramps in your legs when you walk.
• Swelling in your legs.

Causes of Cardiovascular Disease

The causes of cardiovascular disease can vary depending on the specific type. For example, atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in your arteries) causes coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease.

Coronary artery disease, scarring of your heart muscle, genetic problems or medications can cause arrhythmias. Aging, infections and rheumatic disease can cause valve diseases.

Damage to the circulatory system can also result from diabetes and other health conditions, such as a virus, an inflammatory process such as myocarditis, or a structural problem present from birth (congenital heart disease).

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) often results from high blood pressure, which produces no symptoms. It is therefore vital that people undergo regular screening for high blood pressure.

Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease

Your healthcare provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms, personal health and family health history. They may also order tests to help diagnose cardiovascular disease.

Diagnostic Tests for Cardiovascular Disease

Some common tests to diagnose cardiovascular disease include:

• Electrocardiogram (EKG) records your heart’s electrical activity.
• Blood work measures substances that indicate cardiovascular health, such as cholesterol, blood sugar levels and specific proteins. A provider can use a blood test to check for blood clotting issues as well.
• Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses magnets and radio waves to create highly detailed images of your heart.
• Ankle brachial index (ABI) compares the blood pressure in your ankles and arms to diagnose peripheral artery disease.
• Cardiac catheterization uses a catheter (thin, hollow tube) to measure pressure and blood flow in your heart.
• Ambulatory monitoring uses wearable devices that track your heart rhythm and rates.
• Echocardiogram uses sound waves to create an image of your heartbeat and blood flow.
• Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) uses X-rays and computer processing to create 3D images of your heart and blood vessels.
• MR angiogram or CT angiogram uses an MRI or CT, respectively, to see blood vessels in your legs, head and neck.
• Stress tests analyze how physical activity affects your heart in a controlled setting, using exercise or medications, to determine how your heart responds. This type of test can involve EKGs and/or imaging tests.
• Ultrasound uses sound waves to check blood flow in your legs or neck.

Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

The treatment option that is best for a person will depend on their specific type of CVD.

However, some options include:

• Cardiac rehabilitation, including exercise prescriptions and lifestyle counseling
• Medication, such as to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol, improve blood flow, or regulate heart rhythm
• Surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting or valve repair or replacement surgery

Treatment aims to:

• Relieve symptoms
• Prevent complications, such as hospital admission, heart failure, stroke, heart attack, or death
• Reduce the risk of the condition or disease recurring or getting worse

Depending on the condition, a healthcare provider may also seek to stabilize heart rhythms, reduce blockages, and relax the arteries to enable a better flow of blood.

Cardiovascular disease treatment may include the following:

• Lifestyle changes: Examples include changing your diet, increasing your aerobic activity and quitting smoking or tobacco products (including vaping).
• Medications: Your healthcare provider may prescribe medications to help manage cardiovascular disease. Medication type will depend on what kind of cardiovascular disease you have.
• Procedures or surgeries: If medications aren’t enough, your healthcare provider may use certain procedures or surgeries to treat your cardiovascular disease. Examples include stents in your heart or leg arteries, minimally invasive heart surgery, open-heart surgery, ablations or cardioversion.
• Cardiac rehabilitation: You may need a monitored exercise program to help your heart get stronger.
• Active surveillance: You may need careful monitoring over time without medications or procedures/surgeries.

Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease

Researchers reported in the journal JAMA that the lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease is more than 50% for both men and women.

Their study paper notes that even among those with few or no cardiovascular risk factors, the risk is still higher than 30%.

Risk factors for CVD include:

• Atherosclerosis or blockages in the arteries
• Diabetes
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• High blood pressure, or hypertension
• Obesity
• Poor sleep hygiene
• Smoking
• High blood cholesterol, or hyperlipidemia
• A high fat, high carbohydrate diet
• Physical inactivity
• Sleep apnea
• Stress
• Air pollution
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) or other forms of reduced lung function
• Radiation therapy

People with one cardiovascular risk factor often have more. For example, obesity is a risk factor for high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes. A person may have all four conditions at the same time.

Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Many types of CVD are preventable. It is vital to address risk factors by taking the following steps:

• Avoiding a sedentary lifestyle, particularly for children
• Reducing the use of alcohol and tobacco
• Eating fresh fruit and vegetables
• Reducing salt, sugar, and saturated fat intake

Adopting damaging lifestyle habits, such as eating a high sugar diet and not getting much physical activity, may not lead to cardiovascular disease while a person is still young, as the effects of the condition are cumulative.

However, continued exposure to these risk factors can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease  later in life.

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in providing researchers with high quality, clinical grade, fully characterized human tissue samples, bio-specimens, and human bio-fluid collections.

Samples available include cancer (tumor) tissue, cancer serum, cancer plasma, cancer, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). and human tissue samples from most other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences maintains and manages its own biorepository, the human tissue bank (biobank) consisting of thousands of diseased samples (specimens) and from normal healthy donors available in all formats and types.

Our biobank procures and stores fully consented, deidentified and institutional review boards (IRB) approved human tissue samples and matched controls.

All our human tissue collections, human specimens and human bio-fluids are provided with detailed, samples associated patient’s clinical data.

This critical patient’s clinical data includes information relating to their past and current disease, treatment history, lifestyle choices, biomarkers, and genetic information.

Patient’s data is extremely valuable for researchers and is used to help identify new effective treatments (drug discovery & development) in oncology, and other therapeutic areas and diseases.

Bay Biosciences banks wide variety of human tissue samples and biological samples, including cryogenically preserved at – 80°C.

Including fresh frozen tissue samples, tumor tissue samples, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), tissue slides, with matching human bio-fluids, whole blood and blood-derived products such as serum, plasma and PBMC.

Bay Biosciences is a global leader in collecting and providing human tissue samples according to the specified requirements and customized, tailor-made collection protocols.

Please contact us anytime to discuss your special research projects and customized human tissue sample requirements.

Types of Biospecimens

Bay Biosciences provides human tissue samples (human specimens) from diseased and normal healthy donors which includes:

• Peripheral whole-blood
• Amniotic fluid
• Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL)
• Sputum
• Pleural effusion
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Serum (sera)
• Plasma
• Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
• Saliva
• Buffy coat
• Urine
• Stool samples
• Aqueous humor
• Vitreous humor
• Kidney stones (renal calculi)
• Other bodily fluids from most diseases including cancer.

We can also procure most human bio-specimens, special collections and requests for human samples that are difficult to find. All our human tissue samples are procured through IRB-approved clinical protocols and procedures.

In addition to the standard processing protocols, Bay Biosciences can also provide human plasma, serum, and PBMC bio-fluid samples using custom processing protocols; you buy donor-specific collections in higher volumes and specified sample aliquots from us.

Bay Biosciences also provides human samples from normal healthy donors; volunteers, for controls and clinical research, contact us Now.

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